Production animal PQ Flashcards
Oestrus induction in pigs
eCG and hCG
Aujeszky’s disease
PCV-1
Not a cause of hoflund syndrome
Ruminal acidosis
Hannover method
Standing restraint, right flank laparotomy
C-section in swine
Right or left flank incision
In the treatment of milk fever
Calcium IV injection in cattle
Treatment of frothy bloat
Antifoaming agent, tubing, hay, flaxseed
Normal presentation in a cow
Longitudinal anterior
Gastric ulcer in swine
Teeth grinding
IM injection in pig
Neck area, behind ear
Laparotomy layers in skin
Skin> SC> ext> int> transv> peritoneum> abdominal cavity
Gilt puberty
150-170 days
By which symptom can we differentiate CODD from foot rot in small ruminants
(Contagious ovine digital dermatitis)
Initial location of hoof wall separation
Lumbosacral in sheep
Epidural space
ZnSO4 sheep disadvantage
Action time
Bovine Respiratory disease complex
Multifactorial
Sperm volume of boar
100-300 mL
Teat cistern anaesthesia
Procedures only affecting the MM
Which gives scoliosis
Proximal lumbar paravertebral block
Uterine torsion palpation IN THE COW
Pre-cervical torsion can be diagnosed with vaginal palpation
Cornual nerve
Under the crista orbitotemporalis
Consequence of abomasal displacement
Hypokalaemia
Course of rabies
3-6 days
Incubation time of rabies
2 weeks - 4 months
Cause of lungworm disease in cattle
Dictiocaulus Viviparus
What can azaperone cause in pigs
peripehral vasodilation
Transabdominal US pregnancy check in sheep
Day 28-35
Which symptoms are NOT present in the case of acute traumatic
reticulo-peritonitis?
Tiptoeing
Which joint is affected most by osteochondrosis dissecans in swine?
Elbow
What is the consequence of vasectomy?
Procedure that blocks the flow of spermatozoa
Hepatosis dietetica is caused by the deficiency of which vitamin
Vitamin E
Recommended induction time of birth in swine
112 days
the most common mistake of unsuccessful IM injection in swine
inj. in fat tissue
Most common abnormality during birth? (SWINE)
uterus + cervix prolapse
Non notifiable disease?
Swine pox
TRUE for Staphyl. Hyicus infection?
can be prevented with proper hygiene
What kind of laparotomy do you use in swine (C-section)?
left/right flank
Blood vessel capable to TIVA in swine?
marginal ear vein (wrong?)
Break in oestrus cycle in swine?
During hot summer
swine enteritis:
different levels of inflammatory lesions in intestine during bacterial or viral infection
Therapy for esophageal ulcer?
Reduce stress
What happens in swine after the use of azaperone?
Peripheral vasodilation, and penile prolapse in boars
Which one is false in terms of thrombocytopenic purpura?
most common at first birth (seen in litters of older sows)
birth induction in swine
prostaglandin f2alpha inj
Which one is true for azaperon in swine?
smaller doses in bigger animals
False for osteoporosis?
Seen in growing animals (rickets)
True for anaesthesia in swine?
no feeding at least 6 h (12 h before abdomen surgery)
False for suckling pig’s hypoglycemia?
easily treatable by using glucose in marginal ear vein
Swine pericarditis?
in differential diagnosis there is Glässer-disease
Which hypovitaminosis causes hepatosis dietetica?
Vitamin E
Standing reflex:
sign of oestrus, back press test?
Effectiveness of xylazin:
bo>eq>su
Therapy of mulberry heart disease?
E-vit + Se
IM injection in swine (preferable)?
neck muscle, behind ear
storage of sperm?
Diluted sperm (16-17 C)
Which one is zoonotic?
strep. suis
Enteritis differential diagnosis in different of age group:
Rotavirus
True for the megacolon in swine?
secondery megacolon is more common, chronic peritonitis can cause it
Average ejaculate volume (SWINE)?
200-250 mL
Where do you cut the uterus in C-section (SWINE) ?
Near bifurcation
Which one is not applicable during swine anaesthesia?
Pulse
Symptoms of the iron deficiency ?
sudden death
when do sows reach puberty ?
150-170 days
What can cause constipation?
fever
low amount of vaginal discharge which is physiological?
3-4 days after birth, and 5 days after mating
Rating pig’s pregnancy test results, choose the incorrect answer:
specificity: rate of the false negative diagnosis
What can stress cause?
Malignant hyperthermia
Indication of tail clipping?
Prevent tailbiting
Cause of gastric ulceration?
particle size of feed is not normal (too small)
Congenital tremor which is hereditary?
type II hypersensitivity
How many piglets can you seperate per year?
20-25 piglet /swine/year
Which does not cause rectal prolapse?
Inappropriate floor
When is the corpus luteum sensitive to the prostaglandin?
Day 12 of the cycle
Length of the oestrus?
24 hours
Why is hard to intubate the swine (the wrong answer)
short soft palate (they have long palate and narrow glottis)
What would you use to induce the cycle?
eCG + hCG (PG 600) IM injection
Examination of the heart?
pulse of the a. facialis and the a. femoris, difficult to palpate
Optimal time for separation of the piglets?
21-28 days
How long can you store the sperm?
4-7 days
In cattle, most caesarean sections are performed in the following situation:
standing position, left flank
False about flunixin :
Sedative (its and NSAID)
which is the last palpable transverse process? RU
L5
Belongs to normal position:
Longitudinal anterior position
lubricating base :
methylcellulose
hypokalemia:
In case of abomasal displacement as a compensatory mechanism
paravertebral nerve block anaesthetises :
NT13, NL1 NL2
dysfunction for post functional stenosis:
Pyloris
Not part of the soft birth canal:
birth canal consists of : os coxae, os sacrum, coccygeal vertebra, pelvic ligaments
(odd one out)
belongs to the normal presentation:
Longitudinal anterior
in cattle most C section:
Standing retsraint, left flank
coccygo-coccygeal epidural anaesthesia :
C1,C2
Position of Foetus:
examining the longitudinal axis of the mother against the longitudinal axis of
the foetus = Presentation
Position: relates to the vertebral column of the foetus to that of the dam
Posture: relation of head, neck and legs to the trunk of the foetus.
which one is a normal location:
Longitudinal posterior
Prognosis for abnormal presentation disorders in general?
Bad in horses and cows
What is the abdominal way to open the abdominal wall in a caesarean in cattle?
Skin & subdermis–> external oblique –> m- internal oblique m–> peritoneum
What is the site of anaesthesia for coccygo-coccygeal epidural anaesthesia?
between C1 & C2
Which position is the foetus supposed to be in?
longitudinal anterior, dorsal position.
What is the consequence of a change in the stomach position (displacement)
Hypokalemia
Define posture of foetus:
the position of the heads, neck and limbs of the
foetus in relation to the trunk of the foetus
What is the consequence of rumen reflux syndrome?
rumen Cl- ion concentration increases
true for Xylazine?
cattle 10 times more sensitive then horses
Consequence of the rumen reflux syndrome?
Incr.ruminal Cl ion metabolic alkalosis
Consequence of abomasal displacement?
hypokalemia
Basis of obstetrical lubricants?
Methylcellulose
Normal position?
Dorsal upright
NOT true for flunixin
Sedative
Anaesthesia technique that results in scoliosis?
prox. lumbar paravertebral nerve block
Length of oestrus cycle? Swine
20-21.5 days
How many ml sperm does the male/boar have?
200 ml (concentration = 300.000/ml)
What is the back pressure test?
Control of standing reflex in sow - ovulation during the last day of oestrus
In which form does the ovum get into the uterus? swine
4 cells
How long is the pregnancy in swine?
114-115 days (3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days)
How old are the piglets when weaning them?
35 days
From which day can we use something for induction of farrowing?
day 112
Maternal recognition of pregnancy in swine?
Estradiol
How much sperm do we need for artificial insemination?
80 mL
Age of first breeding season?
170 - 210 days
. Relationship between oestrus and ovulation? Swine
Duration of heat is 3 days, ovulation between 36-44 hours
Uterus abnormalities, best examination method? swine
ultrasound ?
How do we close uterine wounds in sow?
Usually in 2 layers, using seromuscular sutures
How do we remove piglets from the uterus in sow?
With one hand I fix the head, or hip, while with the other hand I apply massage to
the outside of the uterus
When do I not necessarily need to perform a c-section in a sow?
In case of uterine torsion
Choose the only correct statement concerning the c-section in the sow
We do it either in the deep sedation combined with local anaesthesia or in general
anaesthesia
Choose the only false statement concerning the complications of the c-section in
the sow
Obstipation never occurs
Select the false statement for c-section in the sow
We open the uterus close to the ovary
What is the relation between the heat and ovulation in the swine?
Duration of heat is 3 days, ovulation between 36-44 hours
Oestrus cycle of the gilts can be synchronised by?
Oestrus cycle of the gilts can be synchronised by?
For maintaining the porcine pregnancy luteal progesterone is required
Throughout the entire pregnancy, because the swine is CL dependent species
What do we do with the placentas during c-section in the sow before closing the
uterine wound?
We cut those parts that hang out of the wound and leave the rest in the uterus and we put
uterine pills containing antibiotics into the lumen
Parasitic bronchitis and pneumonia in cattle – etiology:
Dictyocaoulus vivparus
Which statement is true for laboratory signs of fatty liver syndrome in cows?
The blood urea conc. usually decreases
Diagnosis of subclinical ketosis in cattle?
Blood ketone body measurement - Beta-hydroxy butyrate (BHB)
The most common congenital cardiac disease of swine from the list below:
Ventricular septal defect (seen in many of the minature pig breeds)
Glasser’s disease in swine, etiology:
haemophilus parasuis
Viral stomatitis – Etiology – Ruminants:
Aptho virus, Morbilli virus, Pesti virus
Plants causing primary and secondary photosensation:
Primary photosensitisation – Plants containing photosensitising (photogenic) substances
Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s wort) – Hypericin
Fagopyrum esculentum
Lupinus albus
Trifolium spp.
Brassica spp.
Secondary photosensitisation
Aberrant pigment synthesis – Inherited congenital porphyria
Hepatogenous photosensitisation (pylloerthrin accumulation)
Plants containing hepatotoxins – Lupinus, periconia, fungus
Chemicals e.g. Cl, corticosteroids
Primary photosensitisation – Ruminants – Etiology:
Uptake of plants containing photogenic agents, like Hypericin
Causes of hepatosis dietetica in swine:
Selenium / Vitamin E deficienc
Laboratory alterations in the blood during reticuloperitonitis:
Glutaraldehyde test + Plasma fibrinogen ↑ Plasm globulin ↑
Esophageal obturation – Predilection places – Cattle:
Behind the pharynx, thoracic inlet, heart base, entrance of the cardia
Enzootic leukosis of cattle – Etiology, infection:
C-type oncovirus / Retro viridae family. Infection by blood, transplacental infection
Left-sided abomasal displacement
Auscultation / Spontaneous tinkling sounds:
Has a diagnostic accuracy of 30-40%
Left-sided abomosal displacement – Auscultation with percussion:
Has a diagnostic accuracy of 90-95%
What predisposes to PSS? Swine
Vitamin E and Se deficiency
Iron injection in swine
At the first 2-5 days after birth (Usually day 3)
Urolithiasis of feedlot bulls – Pathogenesis:
Struvite in the bladder – Obstruction of the urethra – Rupture of the urethra
The most common congenital disease of swine from the list below:
Congenital ventricular septal defect Viva Santa Maria Ventricular septal defect Swine Mitral valve
Fog fever – Cattle – Occurrence:
Only in grazing adults (3-methyl-indole)
Etiology and pathogenesis of fog fever – Cattle:
Grazing on pastures with rich vegetation – 3-methylindole – Pulmonary oedema,
emphysema
Sheep – Pregnancy toxaemia – Treatment:
Early stage – Oral propylene glycol, oral Ca K and insulin. Oral calf commercial electrolyte
solutions containing glucose
Late stage – Dexmethasone to induce parturition / abortion if too fat / thin or cannot manage
pregnancy demands
Which is the appropriate liver enzyme group for ruminants – Hepatic enzymes (liver
disease):
AST, SDH, GLDH, GGT, ALP, bilirubin
Pig – Where to auscultate for:Mitral valve insufficiency:
Holosystolic cardiac murmur in the left 4th inter-costal space, clinical signs of lung oedema
Botulism – Cause:
Infected carcasses: A highly fatal toxaemia caused by the ingestion of toxin produced during
vegetative growth of Clostridium botulinum in decomposing animal matter
Botulism – Clinical signs:
Flaccid paralysis over a period of 1-3 days. Animal becomes recumbent and unable to eat or
drink, but being fully conscious. Death due to respiratory paralysis.
Tetanus – Clinical signs
Muscle spasms cause a stiff gait, rigid posture (sometimes called ‘sawhorse stance’),
extension or elevation of the tail, protrusion of the 3rd eyelid and trismus (lockjaw). Horses
show flaring of nostrils.
Sheep – 2 parasites causing bronchitis:
Dictyocaulus filaria & Protostrongylus
Cattle – Parasites causing bronchitis:
Dictyocaulus viviparus
Sheep – Occurrence of ketosis:
last trimester, twins
Most common place of bacterial endocardiosis – Swine:
Mitral Valve
Rumen fluid pH
6,3-7,1
Acute erysipelas infection:
Diamond skin lesions
Acute erysipelas – Septicaemia with diamond skin lesions
Chronic – Arthritis and endocarditis
How do you treat a cow with obstructed oesophagus?
Lavage the oesophagus:Oesophageal obstruction (choke) on its own can be managed with
standing esophageal lavage via orogastric tube or while under general anaesthesia. Usually
large RBs can be pushed into the rumen without further problems. Rarely need to be treated
for esophagostomy
Cause of PDNS: Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome
PCV-2
Skin lesions of acute porcine erysipelas:
Diffuse erythema, haemorrhages, diamond-shaped red raised discolorations of the skin
Length of the course of (forestomach) diseases
Peracute: A few hours – 2 days
Acute: 3-14 days
Sub-acute: 2-4 weeks
Chronic: > 4 weeks
What are the symptoms of right abomasal displacement with torsion?
Acute course, severe deterioration, anorexia / atony of rumen, drinking increase painful
abdomen, tachycardia, small amount of dark creamy faeces
Piglet anaemia – Treatment, prevention – Timing of parenteral iron supply:
Parenteral Fe supply between the 2nd and 5th days after birth
Bovine ringworm – Occurrence, etiology
Mainly in calves, Trichophyton verrucosum infection and predisposing factors
Enzootic leukosis of cattle – Infection:
C-type Onco virus / Retroviridae family, infection by blood, trans-placentary infection
Secondary, chronic recurrent ruminal bloat – Etiology:
Reticuloperitonitis, compression of the oesophagus, partial obstruction of the cardia
Piglet anaemia – Occurrence
Among fast-growing piglets during intensive technology and without iron supply
Viral bronchitis – Viral pneumonia in cattle
RS-virus pneumonia, viral diarrhoea (BVD), infectious rhinotracheitis Herpes virus
Upper limit of Cl in the rumen fluid – Cattle
30 mmol/L
Primary dilatation of the forestomaches can occur in:
Frothy bloat, ruminal acidosis, ruminal putrefaction
Which statement is NOT true for ruminants’ hepatic parasites?
The stress around parturition and anorexia do NOT influence the development of the
disease
True:
✓ Is more frequent in young cows and heifers
✓ The stress around parturition and anorexia are favouring the development
✓ The administration of gluconeogenic substances is absolutely contraindicated
Which parasites cause enteritis in ruminants?
Eimeria, Trichostorngylus, Ancylostoma spp.
Slides: Eimeria, C. parvum, Toxocara vitulorum, and other GI heminthoses
Hoflund syndrome (vagus indigestion) – Which statement is NOT true?
The posterior functional stenosis occurs at the omaso-abomasal orifice, resulting in
obturation of the omasum with rough fodder (True: Occurs in pylorus)
True statement about Hoflund
✓ The posterior functional stenosis is characterised by a pear-shaped abdomen
✓ The posterior functional stenosis occurs at the pylorus, resulting in elevation of the Cl
conc. in the rumen
✓ The posterior functional stenosis can occur during left-sided abomasal displacement, in
this case, fluid-electrolyte replacement is necessary
Posterior functional stenosis – Which statement is NOT true?
The posterior functional stenosis is characterised by foamy-creamy content of the rumen and
abomasum
(True: Posterior – Rumen content is watery; juicy and Cl levels are increasing.nterior: The
content is foamy-creamy)
True:
✓ The posterior functional stenosis is characterised by the increased CL concentration in
the rumen.
✓ The posterior functional stenosis occurs at the pylorus, resulting in dilatation of the
abomasum
✓ The posterior functional stenosis might occur in LDA
Occurrence of osteomalacia in cattle:
Disorder in Ca/P maintenance, older cows, pregnancy/lactation, in endemic regions
Which statement is NOT true for the ruminants’ hepatic disease?
The laboratory signs always reflect the severity of the clinical signs
True:
✓ Liver disease in ruminants are often secondary
✓ Clinical signs, like the icterus, are not characteristic
✓ The laboratory changes never reflect the severity of the clinical signs
Dermatomycosis of sheep – Etiology:
Trichophyton verrucosum + Microsporum canis
Characteristic of hydrocephalus in calves
Hereditary or Intra-uterine BVD-virus infection, distorted skull, opisthotonus, spastic legs
ThromboEmbolic MeningoEncephalitis (TEME) – Features:
Haemophilus somnus disease of feedlot bulls with septicaemia, purulent pneumonia –
Encephalitis, progressive apathy, opisthotonus lateral recumbency, strabismus, somnolence
(sleeping disease)
Treatment of frothy bloat:
Anti-foaming agents via special gastric tube, evacuation of the ruminal content in severe
cases
Pathogenesis of acute rumen acidosis:
Lactobacilli ↑ - D-lactic acid production ↑ - Rumen pH ↓ - Local and general consequences in
6-12 hours
Left-sided abomasal displacement – Auscultation with percussion
Has a diagnostic accuracy of 90-95%
Pathogenesis of left-sided abomasal displacement:
Free fatty acid production ↑ - Abomasal atony – Gas and fluid ↑ - Abomasal dilatation – Displacement
The abomasum
is fixed between the abdominal wall (ventral) and the rumen
Primary dilation of the forestomach
Frothy bloat, simple indigestion, ruminal putrefaction
Secondary dilatation of the forestomach:
Tetanus, atropine, oesophageal obturation
Piglet anaemia – Effects of iron deficiency:
Haemoglobin ↓ RBCs ↓ Microcytic, hyperchromic anaemia
Atrophic rhinitis – Swine – Etiology:
Dermonecrotic toxins of Bordatella bronchiseptica, Pasteurella multocida + Disorders of
hygiene + Breed disposition
Teschen disease – Features:
Enterovirus-1 serotype polioencephalomyeltiis; less expressed brain symptoms, rather signs
of myelitis, ataxia, paraplegia, tetraplegia, any age
The course of botulism in cattle:
Can be peracute, acute or subacute
Pathogenesis of acute rumen overload and dilatation:
Overfeeding with rough fodder – Distention of the rumen – Compression of the diaphragm
and caudal v. cava – Shock, suffocation
Shipping fever – Cattle – Etiology:
Pausterella hemolytica & multocida + IBR and BVD
Hypoglycaemia of piglets – Clinical signs:
In 2-5 days old piglets, weakness, somnolentia, spasms, hypothermia, death, blood sugar <
3.0 mmol/L
Aujeszky disease (Pseudorabies) – Swine – Which statement is true?
Adults: Neurological deficits are rare (tic, ataxia); mainly respiratory symptoms
Occurrence of dilated cardiomyopathy in Ruminants:
The disease occurs in cattle
What is the cause of dermatitis-nephropathy syndrome (PDNS)?
PCV-2
Most common predisposing factor for oral necrobacillosis in Swine:
Mechanical trauma
Pathogen causing arthitis in swine due to to tail biting?
E. Coli, Staphylococcus spp, salmonella, Klebsiella, Actinobacillius equuli, Actinobacillus suis,
Trueperella Pyogens
What can’t you give to a sheep who has pregnant ketosis?
Steroids
In subacute acidosis the ruminal ph is?
5.5-6.5
Clinical signs/symptom of acute rumen acidosis
Occasionally Kussmaul type dyspnea
What is responsible for fog fever?
Poor quality pasture (change from poor dry to lush) its going from hay to lush pasture
thryptophan isn converted to 3 methyl indole in large amounts –> goes into portal circulation -> lungs -> causing emphysema and edeam pf the lung
What is characteristic of fog fever
Sudden onset, many affected animals
Time required for subclinical ruminal acidosis to resolve
2-3 weeks
Peripheral vein suited to measure Beta-hydroxy butyrate
Tail vein v. coccygea (jugular as well, but not milk vein!)
How to give calcium
IV,
Which one is false about the relation to the zoonotic pneumonia of calves?
Always acute disease
Not used in the treatment of clinical ketosis
Gamithromycin
What is characteristic of grazing gooseberry?
Bloat in sheep
Symptoms of subclinical hypocalcemia
Decreased milk production
What does not need to be notified??
Bovine laryngitis & tracheitis
What is true about free gas inflation?
Diagnostic treatment is an option in the treatment of contraceptive benules, administration of
calcium compounds is recommended as follows Intravenous
What’s the diagnostics for rumen overload and dilation
Probing- only a little gas and thick content Substance formed from carbohydrates during
rumen digestion/fermentation Volatile fatty acids
Which statement is true about the rotation used during the change of position of the
stomach?
easy and quick, not invasive, BUT 50-70% reoccurrence, no fixation
What kind of sample for the measurement of beta-hydroxybutyric acid?
Blood of v. jugularis,v. coccygea
What kind of suture to fix the stomach to the body wall?
Continuous or interrupted horizontal mattress sutures (Götze method)
How can flunixin-meglumine be administered to farm animals?
IV
What is the sign of correct needle placement during epidural anaesthesia of cattle?
Fluid drops are sucked in from the conus of the needle
Which of the following techniques is not used for the resection of the DIP joint in cattle?
Axial approach
Which of the following skin diseases can be diagnosed at birth by apparent clinical signs?
Epithliogenesis imperfecta
What causes interdigital hyperplasia?
Genetic background
The obstipation of the swine can be caused by:
Long lasting fever
Medicines/steps used in the treatment of swine gastric ulceration:
The elimination of technological stress
What cannot be the cause of vaginal prolapse in sheep?
Low body condition
Which of the following agents causes bowel edema in swine?
Verotoxin-producing E. coli
Which is true for Azaperone in pig?
Cheap, effective and licensed for pigs
What is the acceptable pregnancy rate in a normal breeding season in sheep?
> 90%
What is the palpation of the vas deferens?
Cartilage
What is the optimal pH range of the rumen?
6.3-7.1
What disorders are the most common in the period around farrowing?
Uterine and cervical prolapse
Where do we inject during proximal paravertebral anaesthesia?
4-5 cm laterally from the midline, under and over the proc. Transversus, and under the skin
In the case of acute traumatic reticuloperitonitis, what will be the haematology findings?
Haemoconcentration, neutrophilia, high levels of fibrinogen and total protein
What causes the traumatic injury of the liver in calves during birth?
Excessive force during forced extraction
What are the characteristics of the discharge in clinical endometritis?
Yellowish-white (pus), viscous
The mulberry heart disease…
Is the degeneration of the cardiac muscle due to Vitamin E and Selenium deficiency
In which species do you expect to see the side effects of lidocaine in a therapeutic dose?
Small ruminants (sting effect, combine with sterile bicarbonate to reduce it)
The position of the fetus is
The maternal spinal axis to that of fetal spinal axis
How can we store boar semen?
Diluted ejaculate, cooled (16-17 degrees C)
Which of the following statements is false regarding osteoporosis?
It is caused by Ca-P or vitamin-D deficiency in growing animals
The peripartal insulin resistancy in ruminants
A calculated index measures it from blood parameters e.g. RQUICKI
What is the consistency of the ruminal content in case of anterior functional stenosis?
Foamy, cream-like
