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Product Design & Technology > Product Development in Industry > Flashcards

Product Development in Industry Flashcards

1
Q

List five things the designer is responsible for in the designer-client relationship.

A
  1. Work within time constraints
  2. Manage budget
  3. Focus on target market and note where optimum sales occur.
  4. Research and anticipate trends up to 6 months in advance.
  5. Present client with options to solve their problem.
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2
Q

List five things the client is responsible for in the designer-client relationship.

A
  1. Indicate a timeframe.
  2. Agree to a cost and pay upon completion.
  3. Give designer helpful info.
  4. Consult when preferred design option is chosen.
  5. Give feedback and check on progress.
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3
Q

The designer and client must…

A

Communicate to establish whether the need can be met.

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4
Q

In terms of the manufacturing industry sectors, a country will aim to have…

A

Imports and exports of a similar scale to avoid a trade deficit (where cost of imports is greater than cost of outputs)

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5
Q

Value adding is…

A

Taking a raw material or resource and using design and technology to change it into a form more valuable and ready for consumers.

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6
Q

Design and innovation gives products and processes a…

A

‘Competitive edge’

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7
Q

Research and development is important for companies because…

A

It allows them to remain competitive in a global market.

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8
Q

List five forms of R&D.

A
  1. Trying alternative materials.
  2. Inventing new materials.
  3. Trying faster or cheaper processes.
  4. Obtaining ergonomic data.
  5. Keeping up to date with technological developments.
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9
Q

How does CSIRO benefit the Australian marketing industry?

A

By providing R&D suppport, facilitating the adoption of new technologies and maintaining sufficient scientific and technological awareness to assist uptake of the latest developments.

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10
Q

List the 8 new and emerging technologies.

A
  1. Robotics
  2. Computer Aided Design (CAD)
  3. Computer Aided Manufacture (CAM)
  4. Computer Numerical Control (CNC)
  5. Rapid 3D prototyping
  6. Laser technology
  7. Fibre optics
  8. Microchips and integrated circuits
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11
Q

List the benefits of the new and emerging technology, Computer Aided Design (CAD).

A
  1. allows 3D visualisation which reduces cost and development times.
  2. can remove the need for a physical prototype
  3. designs can be easily stored, emailed and adjusted.
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12
Q

List the benefits of the new and emerging technology, Computer Aided Manufacture (CAM).

A
  1. faster production process
  2. more precise dimensions
  3. minimal waste of raw materials.
  4. less energy consumption
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13
Q

List the benefits of the new and emerging technology, rapid 3D prototyping.

A
  1. reduces time spent making prototype

2. speeds up entire product development process

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14
Q

List the benefits of the new and emerging technology, Computer Numerical Control (CNC).

A
  1. improved consistency and quality

2. reduces human action required

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15
Q

List 3 examples of new materials.

A
  1. mini circuits in fabric that can display graphics
  2. fabrics that can detect changes in heat or heart rate
  3. silver filled fibres that can be used for burn bandages
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16
Q

What is biomimicry?

A

Examining the structure and mechanical properties of biological materials, structures or animals to gain ideas for improving current materials and structures.

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17
Q

What is used to recreate synthetic materials that follow the structure and function of natural materials? (related to biomimicry)

A

Nano engineering

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18
Q

List 6 general standards products should consider.

A
  1. degradability of plastics
  2. chemicals used in product
  3. safety
  4. size (eg: choking hazards)
  5. physical properties
  6. strength and breakability
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19
Q

List 3 mandatory information standards.

A
  1. Care labelling (clothing and textiles products)
  2. Children’s nightwear (flammability)
  3. Cots for household use.
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20
Q

What are four visible costs of poor quality management?

A
  1. low quality products
  2. customer complaints
  3. stressed staff
  4. mistakes
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21
Q

What are three hidden costs of poor quality management?

A
  1. doubling up
  2. poor utilisation of facilities
  3. loss of customers and reputation
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22
Q

What is TQM?

A

Total Quality Management is a system for analysing and assessing quality in the production process.

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23
Q

What is the outcome of TQM?

A

Consistent, high quality products and services that customers will recognise and recommend.

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24
Q

How can the quality of a product be checked?

A
  1. making a written checklist of points

2. use robotic machines to scan products for faults

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25
Q

What is product recall?

A

A very public result of poor quality that can occur due to poor design, faulty parts, inappropriate materials, weak construction methods and toxicity of materials.

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26
Q

List the 5 steps of the Product Development Process.

A
  1. Identifying a need and defining the product concept
  2. Product design, planning and prototype
  3. Production and distribution
  4. Retail and consumer use
  5. Product evaluation and modification
    (NOTE: Research is conducted all throughout the process)
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27
Q

List the marketing elements.

A

The 5 P’s:

People, Product, Price, Place, Promotion

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28
Q

How is market research used regarding the marketing element of People?

A

It is used to identify the needs, characteristics and aspirations of different target groups of people.

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29
Q

How is market research used regarding the marketing element of Product?

A

It is used to identify features of a product’s design that appeal to the target group.

30
Q

How is market research used regarding the marketing element of Price?

A

It is used to identify the pricing level the target group is willing to pay and also what potential customers look for in quality and value for money.

31
Q

How is market research used regarding the marketing element of Place?

A

It is used to find out where the target group is most likely to shop and investigates their shopping habits.

32
Q

How is market research used regarding the marketing element of Promotion?

A

It is used to identify what promotion strategy is likely to have the most impact on the target group.

33
Q

What is the advantage of having a lower price?

A

It is more appealing and therefore creates a selling advantage.

34
Q

When are higher prices preferred over lower ones?

A

When a reputable brand wants price to reflect their status in the market.

35
Q

What must marketers consider when promoting their product?

A
  1. Lifestyle habits of target group
  2. Product image and distinctive features
  3. Most appropriate method of promotion
  4. Place
  5. Timing
36
Q

Why should marketing strategies be developed during the product development process and not after?

A
  1. Adjustments to the product in response to the market can be made with little waste of time, money and materials
  2. Market demands can be taken into account when creating the product to ensure it meets the needs of the target group.
37
Q

What does the sustainability model Design for the Environment (DfE) entail?

A

Using innovative strategies and techniques to lessen the environmental impacts of products and processes throughout the product’s entire life cycle.

38
Q

What are 3 things the Design for the Environment sustainability model aims to achieve?

A
  1. Reduce the impact of sourcing materials
  2. Use less hazardous materials and packaging
  3. Reduce waste and pollution
39
Q

What is a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)?

A

An examination of a product from the sourcing and processing raw material, through manufacture, distribution, use and disposal.

40
Q

What is the Cradle to Cradle Concept?

A

A concept that emphasises a recycling process at the end of a product’s life, so that the materials continue to be used in some way, reducing waste.

41
Q

What does the Design for Disassembly (DfD) sustainability model entail?

A

It takes the entire product, including its parts and components and how they are joined, into consideration during the design stage.

42
Q

What does the Design for Disassembly (DfD) sustainabiliy model aim to achieve?

A
  1. easy repair
  2. minimal different types of material
  3. easy identification of materials (labelling)
  4. easy separation of material incompatible with recycling
  5. easier recycling
43
Q

What is Extended Producer Responsibility / Product Stewardship?

A

An approach that recognises that manufacturers, importers, governments and consumers have a shared responsibility for the environmental impacts of a product throughout its full life cycle.

44
Q

Functional Obsolescence

A

When manufacturers choose lower quality materials and processes, knowing that the product will be less durable.

45
Q

What are the problems associated with functional obsolescence?

A
  1. some products are designed to be difficult to maintain and repair
  2. The product’s life is shortened as it must be thrown away if anything is wrong.
  3. Reduced quality and durability that can impact future sales and company reputation.
46
Q

Technical Obsolescence

A

When products become obsolete due to a new technology or design feature/function being developed.

47
Q

What are the problems associated with technical obsolescence?

A
  1. Products are replaced in favour of added features, even if the original product still functions well.
  2. New technologies may make products obsolete and force manufacturers to redesign.
48
Q

Style Obsolescence

A

The changing nature of trends and fashions that results in changes in product appearance and style, inducing people to replace the older styled product with something more fashionable.

49
Q

What is one problem associated with style obsolescence?

A

Product is replaced due to being out of fashion, even if it still functions well.

50
Q

What is one benefit of style obsolescence?

A

Designers can capitalise on these changing trends to make their products more desirable.

51
Q

Under OH&S, what are all businesses in Australia legally obligated to provide?

A
  1. Safe premises
  2. Safe machinery and materials
  3. Safe systems of work
  4. Information, instruction, training and supervision
  5. A suitable working environment and facilities.
52
Q

What are the benefits of one-off manufacturing?

A

The resulting product is unique and of high quality, the work may be varied or interesting, and the entire product is overseen by one person.

53
Q

What are the weaknesses of one-off manufacturing?

A

It is costly in terms of labour and materials, and it is time consuming.

54
Q

List the two types of low-volume production.

A
  1. Job-lot production

2. Batch production

55
Q

Job-lot production

A

Very low number of products made for a specific situation

56
Q

Batch production

A

Where a specified number of articles are produced to fill an order.

57
Q

What are the benefits of low-volume manufacturing?

A
  1. Products can be manufacturered locally in smaller multiples.
  2. Manufacturers can respond quickly to changes in market demand and adapt designs accordingly.
58
Q

What products are suitable for low-volume production?

A

Specialised products that have a small or uncertain market (eg: boutique shops).

59
Q

What are the problems of mass production?

A
  1. The process is standardised and inflexible
  2. process must be planned carefully
  3. it is time consuming
  4. expensive
  5. must be sure there is a market for product
  6. work is repetitive, dull and boring
60
Q

What are the benefits of mass production?

A
  1. massive amounts of products can be made at once
  2. average time to produce each product is reduced
  3. cost of each product is lowered
61
Q

What are the two types of mass production?

A
  1. Continuous (volume) production

2. Production-line production

62
Q

Continuous (volume) production

A

The most common type of mass production that runs 24/7 by CAM systems and is often used for component manufacture where the demand is relatively constant.

63
Q

Production-line or assembly-line production

A

A type of mass production dedicated to completing a single complex product (eg: car) that may or may not be continuous.

64
Q

Lean manufacturing

A

A system based off TQM that aims for little to no waste in time, labour, materials and processes.

65
Q

The purpose of lean manufacturing is to…

A

Improve value for the customer and create a smooth flow with efficient processes.

66
Q

Just in time (JIT) manufacturing

A

Where supplies are ordered only as needed.

67
Q

What is one benefit and one problem with JIT manufacturing?

A

Benefit: reduces the need for expensive stockpiles of parts
Problem: whole system is in trouble if there is a breakdown in one of the suppliers.

68
Q

Agile manufacturing

A

A flexible and responsive style of manufacturing that allows the manufacturer to change production with little notice and without requiring expensive changes in tooling.

69
Q

What are the benefits of agile manufacturing?

A
  1. allows manufacturers to make more customised products
  2. can respond to changes in sales
  3. fast turnaround from concept to production
70
Q

What are the four steps of risk management?

A
  1. Identify hazards
  2. Control risks and hazards
  3. Assess risks
  4. Check controls

Product Design & Technology (7 decks)

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