Producing New Cells And Control And Communication Flashcards
How many chromosomes and pairs of human body cells contain
46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
What do all body cells contain and where from?
2 matching sets of chromosomes one from mum one from dad
What are cells callled that have 2 matching sets of chromosomes
Diploid cells
What do you call the number of chromosomes a diploid cell contains
It’s diploid chromosome complement
What is the chromosome complement of human cells
46
What is a chromosome made up of
2 chromatids joined at the centromere
Why do multicellular organisms divide
To produce new cells for growth, repair pf damaged cells and replacement of dead or damaged cells
What do you call the process of diploid cell dividing and what is it controlled by
Mitosis and by the nucleus
What is maintained during mitosis and what does it mean
The diploid chromosome complement and so have the same genetic info as the mother cell and can carry out the same functions as the parent cell
What do haploid cells contain and an example
1 set of chromosomes eg. Gamers = egg and sperm
What is the first stage of mitosis
Chromosomes replicate forming pairs of chromatids joined by the centromere
What is the second stage of mitosis
Nuclear membrane disintegrates
What is the third part of mitosis
Spindle fibres form and attach to the centromere
What is the 4th stage of mitosis
The chromosomes move to the equator of the cell
What is the 5th stage of mitosis
Each pair of chromatids is separated and the chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell
What is the final stage of mitosis
The nuclear membrane forms and the cytoplasm divides
What is mitosis
The process by which the nucleus divides into 2 daughter nuclei, echoing of which still has the same number of chromosomes
What are stem cells and what are they responsible for
Unspecialised cells involved in growth and repair and are responsible for the production of specialised cells in animals
What do stem cells have the ability to do
Become any kind of cell
How can stem cells self renew and have the potential to do what
By cell division and have the potential to become different types of specialised cells
What are the 2 types of stem cells
Embryonic and tissue
What are embryonic stem cells
They are derived from embryos that develop from eggs that have been fertilised in a lab
What are tissue stem cells
They reside among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ
Where are tissue stem cells found
In many tissues such as the bone marrow, brain, blood vessels or skin.
What are different types of specialised cells
Sperm, root hair cell, red blood, nerve, leaf palisade, ciliated
What is the function of the nerve cell
Long connection length transmitting over long distances form sensors to brain
What is the function of the red blood cell
Has biconcave shape and no nucleus given large surface area so it can carry more oxygen
What is the function of the sperm cell
Has a tail to swim to and fertilise the egg
What is the function of the root hair cell
Long and thin so has a large surface area to absorb more water and nutrients from the cell
What is the function of the ciliated cell
Lines cavities eg. Airways. Has tiny hairs to help move dirt out of lungs and move eggs along oviducy
What is the cellular organisation in animals
Cell, tissue, organ, system
What are tissues made up of
Many copies of a specialised cell type
What is an organ made up of
Different tissue types combined
What makes a system
Organs working together
What is the cellular organisation in plants
Specialised cell, tissue, organ, system, organism
What does the nervous system consist of
The brain, spinal cord and complex network of neurons.
What is the nervous system responsible for
Sending, receiving and interpreting info from all parts of the body.
What are the 2 parts called that the nervous system can be divided into
- The central nervous system
- Other nerves
What does the CNS consist of
2 small parts: brain and spinal cord
How is the cns connected to rest of body
By other neurons (nerves)
What is the function of the cerebrum
Controls conscious thoughts, memory and personality
What’s the function of the cerebellum
Controls muscle coordination and halance
What is the function of the medulla
Controls breathing and heart rate
What do electrical impulses do
Move along specific neurons to pass messages to the CNS from all over the body
What is the pathway of an impulse
Stimulus-receptor-sensory neuron-CNS-motor neuron-effecter-response
