procurement Flashcards
sources of HF design requirements
Refinements can occur as a result of:
-Change/better defined scope of project
-Analysis being started (OER, FA, TA)
-User requirements are better understood
- Concepts of Operations is defined
also requirements come from standards/guidelines
8 areas of requirements
- Basic Design Elements
- Simplicity
- Consistency
- Standardization
- Safety
- User-Centered Perspective
- Support
- Maintenance
Simplicity
The equipment shall represent the simplest design consistent with
functional requirements and expected operational conditions.
Functions shall be automated only to attaingreater overall effectiveness, efficiency, reliability, simplicity, economy, and system safety rather than relying on human performance alone
Critera for requirements
- Clear, unique, consistent,
- Traceable to source requirement
- Verifiable
- Not redundant, nor in conflict with, any other known requirement
- Not biased by any particular implementation
example of requirement
The System shall fit a 95th percentile US Male Patient
Headlight replacement shall take no more than 15 minutes
bad requirements
The software architecture needs to be flexible and modular
The GUI shall be user friendly
(subjective) (needs to be user validated)
Shall v. should in requirements
shall for safety considerations
sometimes you can do something vague and say should, or specific and say shall
Ways to communicate requirements to a project
-include in system/sub-system design requirements(specific section)
-Include in technical specifications for procurement
-Identify standards to be followed
-Produce specific project design guidelines
-communicated in DR document
Design Requirements (DR) Document
- It can be a constantly evolving document.
- There can be a need to modify requirements as the
project progresses and as more information is learned.
-Detail is added as the design progresses. - BUT, typically, design projects want to FREEZE the DR quite early so that the design can be progressed and finished.
Minimum inclusion for DR
Functional requirements
Performance requirements
Maintenance/Layout requirements
Operating environment requirements
Human Factors requirements (User requirements)
Steps of typical procurement process
- Prepare Engineering Quotation Request (EQR)
- Evaluation of bids
- Selection
Selection
Should define acceptance criteria (not just cost)
Prepare Engineering Quotation Request (EQR)
Includes
-Technical Specification
-Required documentation (drawings, manuals)
-Training requirements
Evaluation of bids
Evaluate product
Accept/reject exception
why are HF issues often viewed as difficult to incorporate into requirements?
HF issues often viewed as difficult to incorporate into requirements/ specifications and assessments because they are considered difficult to specify and measure consistently (“soft” requirements)
HF Criteria for Proposal Evaluation
- HFI Management Activities
- HFI Design Activities
- Human Factors Engineering
- Manpower (Staffing)
- Personnel
- Training
- System Safety and Health Hazards
- Evaluation
Commercial Off The Shelf (COTS) Equipment background
COTS equipment procurement may include matching technologies to a stated need (most common) or identifying potential uses for emerging technologies (not as common)
Use of COTS products is increasing due to potential cost savings and quick availability of solutions
Evaluations of COTS equipment needs to consider long-term costs including implementation (training, integration), maintenance and supporting costs
unique COTS characteristics
- Assessment is performed after design stage (no influence on design)
- COTS Equipment is not custom made
- Need for integration with other parts of a system
Major HF issues with COTS
Product Issues- Product may not meet current standards/guidelines
Integration Issues- Compatibility with existing interface design philosophies
COTS equipment assessment
- FUNCTIONALITY - Does product provide a function the operator needs?
- USABILITY - Does product interface with users in some way?
- INTEGRATION - Does product need to be integrated with other parts of system users interact with?
- ONE-OFF COST - Does product impact design of work system (training, manuals, organization)?
- RECURRING COSTS - Does product impact system operating costs?
- CONTEXT - Is product constrained by task needs or operational context?
- RELATED PARTS - Does product require additional components
operator may need/use?
Equivalency evaluation
Depending on project, may need to procure equipment identical to
reference design
Specific models may not be available (obsolete) and vendor will
suggest alternative
then need to do an equivalency evaluation
Equivalency evaluation
Depending on project, may need to procure equipment identical to
reference design
Specific models may not be available (obsolete) and vendor will
suggest alternative
then need to do an equivalency evaluation
HFI Management Activities
- Coordination of human factors activities with the total management system and work breakdown structure
-Shows that system design and human factors analysis will be performed, so that problems are fed back and eliminated early in the design phase
HFI Design Activities
Adequacy of vendor’s concept for assuring that the system design will reflect human factors goals and constraints
Shows that trade-off and sensitivity analyses are used to
evaluate design alternatives with appropriate emphasis on
human impacts
Human Factors Engineering
-Adequacy of plan for functional and/or task analysis and critical task identification to determine appropriate
task burden on humans
-Addresses the design of the work environment, including
space claims and other workstation variables, as the work
environment influences system performance
Staffing
Addresses the impact of varying staffing levels on total system performance
Personnel
(HR Skills)
Demonstrates an understanding of the projected operators and maintainers and the human factors goals and constraints that are imposed by that target population
Identifies skills that are critical to successful mission
performance and explains how these skills relate to the
capabilities of the operators, maintainers, and supporters
Training
Recognizes the impact of skill decay on sustainment training and demonstrates capability for reducing skill decay through cost-effective changes in the design
Recognizes the influence of human aptitude on success in training and consequently, on system performance
System Safety and Health Hazards
Adequacy of plans to establish pre-defined levels of acceptable risk and estimates the influence of these risks
on operator and maintainer performance
Evaluates hazards in the intended operating environments and determines priorities for control through initial design and retrofit
