Proctor Exam Flashcards
Indications
Reason for GIVING a drug to a patient
Contraindications
Reason for NOT giving a drug to a patient
Prescription (legend) Drug
Must be regulated by the FDA, and may have the ability to cause harm if not given appropriately.
Prescription Label Statment
“Caution: Federal law restricts the use of this drug to use by or on the order of a licensed veterinarian”
Veterinary-client-patient relationship (VCPR)
1) Vet has assumed responsibility for making clinical judgement about the health of the animal and need for treatment, 2) Client has agreed to follow the veterinarians instructions, 3) Vet has sufficient knowledge of the animal to issue a diagnosis, must have recently seen the animal, 4) Must be available for follow-up evaluations of the patient.
Regimen
Kind of drug
Route
Dosage
Frequency
Duration
TID
three times day
QID
four times a day
BID
two times a day
Pharmocokinetics
Series of events that occurs once a drug has been administered. Can have limitations depending on the route it was given
PO- Oral
Not ideal of animals with vomiting/diarrhea, some have bad tasteIV
IV- Intravenous
Takes affect almost immediately, doesn’t las as long as other routes,
IM- Intramuscular
Can be painful, absorbed slower than IV but absorbed quicker the SQ
SQ- Subcutaneous
Given beneath the skin, slowest route of absorption, longest duration
ID- Intradermal
into the skin, used to test allergies
IP- Intraperitoneal
Injection into the abdominal cavity
IA- Intraarterial
into the artery
Intraarticular
into the joint
IC- Intracardiac
into the heart-mostly used for CPR, euthanasia
Intramedullary
into the bone marrow cavity
Epidural
into the spine
Subdural
near the spine
Nebulizer
used to inhale a drug by a fine mist
Metered-dose inhaler
admin by using a handheld devise that fits over the animals nose/mouth
Anesthetic Gas
Gaseous forms given with a vaporizer (isoflurane, sevoflurane)
Transdermal
drugs placed on the skin- drugs should always be worn to prevent accidental exposure
Concentration gradient
Drugs from one compartment of the body moves from areas of high-low concentration
Bioavailability
measures the amount of drug that gets absorbed and is available to the patient
Water-soluble drugs
dissolve in water, tend to stay in blood stream, can be bound to various proteins like albumin or stay free
Lipid- soluble drugs
absorbed by fat, tend to move out of the bloodstream into interstitial fluid (space between the organs and tissues)
Storage sites for fat soluble drugs
Fat, Liver, Kidneys, and Bone
Placenta
organ that connects a growing fetus to the mothers uterus, May interfere with absorption of certain drugs
Blood brain barrier
May interfere with absorption of certain drugs
Drug excretion
removal of drugs, primarily through the liver- via bile, or the kidneys- via urine
Possible drug excretion
Mammary glands- breast milk, lungs, GI Tract, sweat glands, saliva, or through the skin
Residue
drugs that appear in an animals milk or meat products
Pharmacodynamics
the study of the mechanism by which drugs produce physiological changes
Efficacy
degree to which a drugs produces its desired affect. once reached giving more drug wont produce more affect
Potency
amount of drug needed to produce the desired affect- represented by a dose on a dose dose-response curve
LD50
Lethal dose, lethal to 50% of the animals given the drug
ED50
Effective dose, produces desired affect in 50% of the animals given the durg
Therapeutic index
LD50/ED50
Adverse reaction
an undesired response to a drug
Formulary
book that contains drug dosages and a listing of adverse reactions
Proprietary
Trade Name of a drug
Generic
Unpatented copy of a drug
Drug labels must contain
Both drug names
concentration/quantity
name/address of manufacturer
Controlled substance status
Control/lot number
Expiration date
EPA
Environmental protection agency- regulates the development and approval of animal topical pesticides
DEA
Drug enforcement agency- concerned with regulating substances that can be abused by humans. Must be licensed to dispense such drugs
DEA records
Date of prescription
Owner/Patient name
Drug name
Quantity/strength
Initial of dispensing doctor
USDA
Unites states department of agricultare- regulates the development and approval of biologics (vaccines, serums, antitoxins etc)
AMDUCA
Animal Medicinal drug use clarification act- made the extra label use of approved veterinary drugs legal under certain well defined conditions– Very important law
Six rights of Administration
Right patient
right drug
right dose
right route
right frequency/time
right documentation
Emulsions
milky solutions containing the drug, dont mix needs to be shaken
Elixirs
held in solution by alcohol, contains flavoring and sweeeners
Slip tip syringe
most common in vet med
Luer lock syringe
screw top that secures needle in place
Eccentric tip syringe
used when injecting large volumes, the hub is off center to allow the needle to go parallel to the vein
Catheter tip syringe
good for oral feedings, or feeding with catheters
IV Catheter
Placed into the vein - allows for repeated injections, IV fluid therapy
Butterfly catheter
used for short term iv fluid therapy, blood draws
Endotracheal tubes
Placed into the trachea
Controlled ventilation
Anesthesia
Endotracheal tubes
Placed into the trachea
Controlled ventilation
Anesthesia
Tranquilizers
Used to calm or quit a patient
Phenothiazine tranquilizers
Acepromazine, chlorpromazine
Produce sedation without analgesia
Neuroleptanalgesics
Combination of an opioid and tranquilizers. Produce state of reduces awareness and analgesia
Neuroleptanalgesics use
Restraint, diagnostics, preanesthetic, minor surgical procedure
Behavior pharmacotherapy
Use of drugs to treat various behavioral problems. Combined with environmental and behavioral management
Antianxiety medications
Relieve anxiety in animals
May cause: lethargy, ataxia, Polyuria, polydipsia, hyper-excitable, and liver problems in cats
Antidepressant medications
Block reputable of norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain
Side effects: sedation, tachycardia, mydriasis, dry mouth, urine retention, constipation
Serotonin-reuptake inhibitors
Increase the amount of serotonin in the brain by preventing removal
Side effects: anorexia, nausea, lethargy, anxiety, and diarrhea
Monoamine oxidase-B inhibitor
Blocked the enzyme monoamine oxidase resulting in increased levels of dopamine
Canine cognitive distinction syndrome, decreased or altered responsiveness , decreased or altered greeting behavior
Inotropic drugs
Affect force/strength of a heart contraction
Positive- improves strength
Negative- decreases strength
Chronotropic drugs
Affect heart rate
Positive- increase heart rate
Negative- decrease heart rate
Emetics
