Proctor Flashcards
Name the equipment and supplies you should prepare for endotracheal intubation.
For veterinary endotracheal intubation, you should prepare an endotracheal tube (ET tube) with a cuff, a laryngoscope (with a handle and appropriate blade), a stylet, sterile lubricant, a syringe for cuff inflation, suction equipment, and an oxygen source (with a BVM). Check proper size measuring from mouth to thoracic inlet. Placed by opening the larynx passing through the glottis into the trachea.
Briefly explain intake, distribution, and elimination of inhalant agents.
Inhaled anesthetic agents are taken into the body through the lungs, distributed via blood circulation to tissues, and eliminated primarily through exhalation, with minimal metabolism
Describe some of the patient factors that increase anesthetic risks.
In veterinary anesthesia, increased risks are associated with factors like advanced or extremely young age (Geriatric and Neonatal) presence of underlying diseases, (Cardiovascular, respiratory) extreme body weight or size (can interfere with oxygenation) certain breeds (Brachycefalic) and specific surgical procedures or complications (Urgency, specific surgery)
Name five signs of pain in a veterinary patient. Describe a possible analgesic protocol for a dog undergoing surgery to repair a fractured humerus.
Five potential signs of pain in a veterinary patient include changes in vocalization (e.g., whimpering), reluctance to move or altered gait, increased panting or restlessness, changes in posture, and decreased appetite. For a dog undergoing surgery to repair a fractured humerus, a possible analgesic protocol might involve preemptive pain management with opioids, NSAIDs, and possibly alpha-2 agonists before surgery, followed by multimodal pain relief including continued use of opioids and NSAIDs post-operatively
List three techniques that can be used to minimize heat loss in anesthetized patients.
Three techniques that can be used to minimize heat loss in anesthetized patients is, using a thermal bad and blanket underneath the patient during procedures. Another is the use of an IV fluid line heater that is used to heat the IV fluids entering the animals body to keep them warm. Lastly other heating tools suck as a bear hugger or “hot dog” can be used. Warm towels can also be placed around the patient without disturbing the sterile site, to keep anesthetized patient warm and prevent heat loss.
Why is it necessary to be familiar with the characteristics of different species and breeds before anesthetizing?
It is necessary to be familiar with the characteristics of different species and breeds before anesthetizing as it can affect how each patient will react to the anesthesia/anesthetic drugs and protocols used. Each characteristic that has to be noted prior to anesthesia is the breed, weight, signalment, any previous or current diseases or illnesses with the patient. This can all be done through the minimum patient database. An example of this can be a breed that is brachycephalic such as a bulldog or pug, who will have to be monitored more closely as they have difficulty breathing. Another example are breeds who are prone to heart disease and may develop heart murmurs. These patients need to be monitored under anesthesia more closely.
What patients are at greatest risk of volume overload due to fluid administration? What clinical problems may be noted if overload occurs?
Patients with underlying cardiac, renal, or liver disease, as well as those receiving large fluid volumes or undergoing surgery or trauma, are at greatest risk of fluid overload, which can lead to clinical problems like edema, shortness of breath, and worsening organ dysfunction
How and when is a fentanyl patch applied?
A “patch” consists of a reservoir of fentanyl enclosed in plastic. The patch is applied to the clipped skin of the animal and is left in place for several days Transdermal patches containing fentanyl are another convenient option for long-term opioid administration. Fentanyl patches have been used for several years in the treatment of severe pain in human patients. The analgesic effect of a fentanyl patch is thought to be comparable to that of IM oxymorphone, but the duration of analgesia is considerably longer.
Explain the differences between a pulse oximeter and an electrocardiograph.
In veterinary medicine, a pulse oximeter measures oxygen saturation and pulse rate non-invasively, while an electrocardiograph (ECG) monitors the heart’s electrical activity, detecting heart rate and rhythm for early recognition of dysrhythmias.
List four reasons for using preanesthetic agents.
Preanesthetic drugs are drugs given prior to anesthesia. Four reasons for using preanesthetic drugs is that they reduce adverse effects, provide proper sedation for anesthesia as well as analgesia, they can reduce stress to patients especially with the use of tranquilizers, provide a balanced anesthesia.
Name three injectable anesthetic agents and any negative side effects of each.
Three common injectable anesthetic agents, along with some potential side effects, include propofol (drowsiness, nausea, vomiting), lidocaine (pain or redness at injection site, allergic reactions), and etomidate (myoclonus, pain at injection site).
What are the degrees of dehydration, and how can they be determined?
In veterinary medicine, dehydration degrees are estimated through physical examination, lab tests, and assessing parameters like skin turgor, mucous membrane moisture, and eye position
Explain the importance of monitoring and maintaining body temperature in rodents and rabbits during anesthesia. Describe several procedures that help prevent hypothermia during surgery and in the postoperative period.
During and after anesthesia in rodents and rabbits, monitoring and maintaining body temperature are crucial because anesthesia impairs thermoregulation, leading to hypothermia, which can impair recovery and increase morbidity. To prevent hypothermia, use heat sources like heating pads, forced-air warming blankets, and warm fluids, along with temperature monitoring.
Name three inhalant anesthetic agents and any negative side effects of each.
Three common inhalant anesthetic agents are sevoflurane, isoflurane, and desflurane. Potential side effects include respiratory depression, hypotension, and, rarely, malignant hyperthermia.
Name three pre- anesthetic agents and any negative side effects of each.
Three common preanesthetic agents are benzodiazepines like midazolam, opioids like fentanyl, and anticholinergics like glycopyrrolate, each with potential side effects like sedation, respiratory depression, and urinary retention respectively.
