Processes Flashcards
It is associated with the energy originating in the interior of the solid Earth.
Endogenic processes
The ground we live on is moving all the time and the
forces within the Earth that cause the ground to move are called
Endogenic forces
happens when a magma is generated and develops into igneous (magmatic) rocks
•The process can take place either under the surface or on the surface of Earth.
Magmatism
Process of changing the materials that
make up a rock.
• Chemical components and geologic characteristics of the rock changed due to heat and pressure that are increasing or decreasing.
Metamorphism
• Process that usually happens after the magma is formed.
• Magma tries to escape from the source through openings such as volcanoes or existing cracks on the ground.
• As soon as magma reaches the surface of the earth it is now called lava
Volcanism (plutonism)
Endogenic processes
Mag,atism
Metamorphism
Volcanism
Types of weathering
Physical weathering
Chemical weathering
Biological weathering
is the breakdown of rocks by mechanical forces concentrated along rock fractures. This can occur due to changes, whether sudden or not, in temperature, pressure, etc.
Physical weathering
is the process by w/c rocks break down by chemical reactions.
New or secondary minerals develop and sometimes replace the original properties of the minerals in the original rock or soil.
Chemical weathering
the weakening and subsequent disintegration of rock by plants, animals, and microbes.
Living organisms contribute to the weathering process in many ways.
Biological weathering
The process of the —— moves rock debris or soil from
one place to another. This process takes place when there is rainfall, surface runoff, flowing rivers, flooding, freezing, hurricanes, etc.
Erosion
The movement of large masses of materials (rock debris, soil, and mud) down a slope or a steep-sided hill or mountain due to pull of gravity. This process is very destructive in areas with increased waterflow.
Mass wasting
-any change in the shape of size of a rock as a response to stress
-may occur by either folding or faulting
Deformation
Kinds of faulting
Normal fault
Reverse fault
Strike-slip fault
in rocks occur when they are subjected to tectonic forces from opposite sides.
Folding
causes squeezing, tensional stress causes, stretching, and shearing stress causes side-to-side movement.
Compressional stress
is the result of the fracture or displacement of rock layer along a fault plane. Normal fault, reverse fault, and strike-slip fault are the types of fault.
Faulting
gradual movement of continents over time (Alfred Wegener)
Continental drift
a single landmass where continents came from
Pangaea
the movement of the lower molten layer that causes the plates to shift
Plate tectonics
Scientists estimate that the continents move anywhere from ———— to ——— per year.
One centimeter
Several inches
7 major plates
•African Plate •Antarctic Plate •Eurasian Plate •Indo-Australian Plate •Pacific Plate
•South American Plate •North American Plate
•It occurs at divergent plate boundaries. As tectonic plates slowly move away from each other, heat from the mantle’s convection currents makes the crust more plastic and less dense. The less-dense material rises, often forming a mountain or elevated area of the seafloor.
Seafloor spreading
spreads 2 to 5 cm per year.
Mid-Atlantic ridge
