Process of memory

Question 1

Memory

Answer 1

the processing, storage and retrieval of information acquired through learning

Question 2

Sensory memory

Answer 2

Entry point of memory where new incoming sensory information is stored for a brief period (raw form) Potentially unlimited capacity and short duration

Question 3

Iconic sensory memory

Answer 3

The brief sensory memory for incoming visual information 0.3 secs

Question 4

Echoic sensory memory

Answer 4

The brief sensory memory for incoming auditory information (3-4 seconds)

Question 5

Short term memory

Answer 5

memory system with a capacity 7+/-2 bits of information and a duration of 18-20 seconds but up to 30 (unrehearsed) memory starts to decline at 12 second

Question 6

Increase STM capacity and lost by

Answer 6

Chunking: The grouping of seperate bits of information into one or larger bits
Decay: Not being used in the 18-20 seconds
Displacement: Being pushed out by new information

Question 7

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 7

Repeating new info over and over again to keep info in the short term memory for as long as possible

Question 8

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 8

Linking new info to memory already stored in long term memory

Question 9

Long term memory

Answer 9

Goes to LTM when it is encoded, potentially unlimited capacity and possible permanent duration

Question 10

Explicit memory (declarative)

Answer 10

That can be consciously retrieved and stated where there is a conscious , deliberate attempt to retrieve previously stored information
eg. general knowledge or personal experiences

Question 11

Implicit (non declarative)

Answer 11

LTM that does not require conscious or intentional retrieval, memory that is without awareness

Question 12

Episodic (explicit)

Answer 12

LTM of personally experienced event, memories where the self is the initiator or the recipient and can be time stamped

Question 13

Semantic (explicit)

Answer 13

LTM of facts and knowledge about the world eg. rules of spelling, meaning of words, everyday facts and are not normally tagged with a time or place

Question 14

Procedural memory (implicit)

Answer 14

LTM for all skills involved in particular tasks where there is no deliberate attempt to recall. Usually involve motor movements eg. brushing teeth, tying shoelaces

Question 15

Classically conditioned memories (implicit)

Answer 15

Conditioned responses to conditioned stimuli acquired through classical conditioning, particularly involving emotions such as fear or simple reflex

Question 16

Hippocampus

Answer 16

Crucial role in the formation and encoding of new semantic and episodic memories by helping ensure they are neurologically stable and long lasting.
- Consolidation is the neurobiological process of making a newly formed memory stable and enduring following a learning experience.
- Interacts with the amygdala

Question 17

Amygdala

Answer 17

Has a role in processing and regulating emotional reactions, particularly fear and anger.
- Involved in the formation and consolidation of a wide range of other emotional memories
- Interacts with the hippocampus in the processing and retrieval of explicit memories - the hippocampus processes the event and the amygdala, the emotional feeling attached to the event.
- When an event has emotional significance, noradernaline is believed to stimulate the amygdala to attach more emotional significance significance to the experience and signal the hippocampus to encode and ensure the long term storage of emotional details

Question 18

Neocortex

Answer 18

Crucial role in the interaction with the hippocampus in the formation, consolidation, storage and retrieval of long term explicit long term memories
- Semantic memories tend to be stored most likely in the frontal and temporal lobe.
- Episodic memories tend to be stored in the right frontal and temporal lobe

Question 19

Basil Ganglia

Answer 19

Role in long term implicit memories involving motor skill
- Involved in encoding and storing procedural memories and classically conditioned memories that are associated with unconscious habits, behaviours or procedures.
- whilst the amygdala is involved in encoding the emotional component of classically conditioned memories, the basil ganglia is involved in the encoding and storing responses that are learnt through classically conditioning

Question 20

Cerebellum

Answer 20

Involved in the encoding and temporary storage of implicit procedural memories
- crucial for motor learning and the balance and coordination of voluntary movements, but not their long term storage
- forms and stores implicit memories of simple reflexes acquired through classical conditioning eg fine muscles movements and posture

Question 21

Autobiographical events

Answer 21

Stored in long term memory and are retrieved every time you think or speak about them

Question 22

Retrieval

Answer 22

process of accessing information that has been stored in LTM and bringing it into our conscious awareness in STM
- Hippocampus primarily involved in the retrieval of episodic memories and that the frontal and temporal lobes are involved in the retrieval of semantic memories
- retrieval of auto biological events involves the activation of both the hippocampus and frontal and temporal lobe