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DAY 2 > Process Equipment and Plant Design > Flashcards

Process Equipment and Plant Design Flashcards

1
Q

Liquid/petroleum fuel storage tanks are built underground (as in case of petrol pumps), when the storage capacity is less than __________ kilolitres.

45

A

45

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2
Q

Le/D for fully open globe value may be around

300

A

300

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3
Q

Holes of a sieve tray are arranged in triangular pitch of __________ times the hole diameter.

2.5 to 5

A

2.5 to 5

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4
Q

In case of a shell and tube heat exchanger, the minimum shell thickness for carbon steel (inclusive of corrosion allowance) depends on shell diameter and is in the range of __________ mm.

5-11

A

5-11

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5
Q

In case of bubble cap distillation column of diameter greater than 1.2 metres, the cap diameter is roughly about __________ cms.

10

A

10

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6
Q

Tube side pressure drop in a 1-2 heat exchanger (for turbulent flow of fluids through the tubes) is about __________ times, that in a 1-1 heat exchanger having the same size & number of tubes and operated at the same liquid flow rate.

8

A

8

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7
Q

To keep the power input constant for a stirred vessel operating under fully developed turbulent flow conditions (constant power number), if the impeller diameter is increased by 20%, the impeller speed should be decreased by a factor of

(1.2)^5/3

A

(1.2)^5/3

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8
Q

It is not desirable to design a heat exchanger for LMTD correction factor, FT, of less than

0.80

A

0.80

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9
Q

Two iron pipes of the same nominal diameter but different schedule numbers will have the same

inside diameter

A

inside diameter

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10
Q

Steam side heat transfer co-efficient for design consideration under ordinary condition can be assumed to be about __________ kcal/hr.m2.°C.

7500

A

7500

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11
Q

Lessing ring is formed by the addition of a partition across the centre of a raschig ring, which results in an area increase of about __________ percent.

20

A

20

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12
Q

In chemical process equipments, the conical bottom heads used, usually has an apex angle of

60°

A

60°

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13
Q

Smaller sized packings are generally dumped to the packed columns, and the large ones of size greater than __________ mm are stacked individually, which provides better control over bed porosity and offers lower gas pressure drop.

75

A

75

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14
Q

The operating velocity in the absorption tower is usually 40-50% of the flooding velocity. Packed absorption towers are normally designed for a pressure drop of about __________ mm of water column per metre height of packing.

20-40

A

20-40

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15
Q

What is the value of ‘q’ for saturated liquid feed to a distillation column ?

1

A

1

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16
Q

The operating pressure drop range in a bag filter is about __________ mm water gauge.

50-150

A

50-150

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17
Q

Speed of the drum of the rotary vacuum filter normally ranges from __________ rpm.

0.1 to 2

A

0.1 to 2

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18
Q

Pressure drop (Δp) and the superficial gas mass velocity (G) in case of packed absorption tower operating in the preloading range are related as

Δp = G^2

A

Δp = G^2

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19
Q

With increase in gas flow rate to fabric surface area ratio (Nm3/hr/m2 fabric surface area), the size & the cost of a bag filter

decreases

A

decreases

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20
Q

The diameter of a propeller agitator used in agitation tank ranges from __________ percent of the tank diameter and its peripherial speed is normally 300 to 500 metres/minute.

15 to 30

A

15 to 30

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21
Q

In packed towers provided with saddle packing, liquid redistributors are positioned at every __________ times column diameter or 6 metres whichever is less.

5-8

A

5-8

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22
Q

Minimum recommended baffle spacing in a shell and tube heat exchanger is about (where, D = shell diameter )

0.2 D

A

0.2 D

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23
Q

The maximum liquid gradient over a tray must not exceed

0.5” -1.25”.

A

0.5” -1.25”.

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24
Q

The slope of the feed line in distillation opeartion is given by (where, q = fraction of the feed stream that is liquid.)

-q/(1-q)

A

-q/(1-q)

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25
Q

Speed of industrial paddle agitator ranges from __________ rpm.

20 to 100

A

20 to 100

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26
Q

Thin spherical shells subjected to internal pressure, develop __________ stresses.

radial

A

radial

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27
Q

The slope of operating line in the rectifying section of a distillation column is unity, if the reflux ratio is

∞

A

∞

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28
Q

With increase in pressure drop (for a given particle size), the dust collection efficiency of a cyclone separator will

increase

A

increase

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29
Q

Overall tray efficiency of a distillation column is the ratio of the number of

ideal trays required to the number of real trays required.

A

ideal trays required to the number of real trays required.

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30
Q

Generally, no corrosion allowance in wall thickness of a part is required, if the thickness is more than __________ mm.

30

A

30

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31
Q

Multiple blade paddle agitator is used for mixing high viscosity liquids/paste in which the paddle diameter is commonly 0.8 times the tank diameter. However, the width of the blade is in the range of __________ times the paddle diameter.

0.1 to 0.25

A

0.1 to 0.25

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32
Q

The circumferential (hoop) stress in a thin walled cylinderical vessel under internal pressure is

pd/2t

A

pd/2t

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33
Q

LMTD correction factor is used in heat exchanger design for

multipass shell and tube heat exchanger.

A

multipass shell and tube heat exchanger.

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34
Q

The most common standard size of bubble caps used in industrial operation is

6” dia cap with 4” dia riser.

A

6” dia cap with 4” dia riser.

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35
Q

In a distillation column, the minimum residence time for liquid in the downspout is about __________ seconds.

8

A

8

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36
Q

Thickness of the frame of a plate and frame filter as compared to that of plates is

more

A

more

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37
Q

The thickness of heat transfer plates used in the plate type heat exchanger ranges from __________ mm, pressed in a single piece provided with grooves & corrugations.

1.25 to 3.125

A

1.25 to 3.125

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38
Q

Length to diameter ratio of most rotary driers is in the range of

4 to 10

A

4 to 10

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39
Q

Tube wall thickness depends on the cor-rosiveness of the fluids and their operating pressure & temperature and is specified by Birmingham wire gauge (B.W.G)-a number which varies from 8 to 18 with the numbers 14 and 16 being more commonly used. Outside diameter of tubes varies from about 15 to 50 mm; however a tube of less than __________ mm outside diameter is generally not recommended for fouling fluids.

19

A

19

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40
Q

Angled baffles are preferred in the agitation tank to control the swirling action; if the viscosity of the liquid to be mixed is about 200 poise. However, the baffle may be completely eliminated for mixing liquids having viscoisty above __________ poise.

600

A

600

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41
Q

The dust collection efficiency of a cyclone separator

none of these.

A

none of these.

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42
Q

In a shell and tube heat exchanger, the overall heat transfer co-efficient is proportional to the tube side (volumetric flow rate)0.8. This is valid, only when the ratio of the tube side film resistance to the total resistance is almost equal to

1

A

1

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43
Q

For a cylindrical shell, (subject to the thickness of uppermost course being more than the minimum for diaofthe tank in question), the thickness of the courses of shell

decreases upwards.

A

decreases upwards.

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44
Q

In the design of a paddle agitator, the ratio paddle dia/ tank dia is normally taken as

0.8

A

0.8

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45
Q

Hole diameter of the seive trays in the distillation column ranges from __________ mm.

3 to 12.5

A

3 to 12.5

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46
Q

Factor of safety (i.e., overdesign factor) in heat transfer equipments is about __________ percent more than the actual/theoretical design factor.

15-20

A

15-20

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47
Q

The minimum shell thickness for tank ≤ 15 metres diameter is limited to __________ mm, for reasons of elastic stability.

5

A

5

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48
Q

If ‘D’ is the inside diameter of the shell of a shell and tube heat exchanger, then the baffle spacing is usually in the range of

D/5 or minimum 2” to D.

A

D/5 or minimum 2” to D.

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49
Q

Brass valves are usually made for pipe sizes __________ inches.

≤2

A

≤2

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50
Q

In a shell and tube heat exchanger, triangular pitch arrangement as compared to square pitch arrangement

results in higher shell side pressure drop.

A

results in higher shell side pressure drop.

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51
Q

Value of Peclet number = ∞, is the representative of

plug flow.

A

plug flow.

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52
Q

In most of the shell and tube heat exchangers, the tube pitch is generally __________ the tube diameter.

1.25-1.50 times

A

1.25-1.50 times

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53
Q

In a distillation column, bubble caps are located on trays with a pitch of __________ times the outside diameter of the caps.

1.3 to 2

A

1.3 to 2

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54
Q

__________ is the determining factor for the number of bubble caps to be used per tray.

Permissible slot velocity

A

Permissible slot velocity

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55
Q

Low pressure steam (with saturation temperature between 105 to 120°C) is usually used in the vacuum evaporators, which normally employ a vacuum of about __________ mm Hg (referred to a 760 mm mercury barometer).

650

A

650

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56
Q

Normal screwed fittings are used for pipes upto a diameter of __________ inches.

3

A

3

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57
Q

For a given fluid, as the pipe diameter increases, the pumping cost

decreases.

A

decreases.

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58
Q

Maximum acceptable total liquid gradient over a tray is about __________ mm.

12.5

A

12.5

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59
Q

In case of a ‘thin’ pressure vessel, the ratio of its diameter to wall thickness is

> 10

A

> 10

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60
Q

High pressure fluid in a shell and tube heat exchanger should preferably be routed through the

tubes to avoid the expansion of high pressure shell construction.

A

tubes to avoid the expansion of high pressure shell construction.

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61
Q

Bubble cap tray is the most commonly used tray in large distillation column, because

of its flexibility and nearly constant efficiency under varying conditions of operation

A

of its flexibility and nearly constant efficiency under varying conditions of operation.

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62
Q

In the agitators, the power required will be changed with the increase of diameter of agitator (D) as

D^5

A

D^5

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63
Q

Apex angle of conical heads used in the bottom heads of chemical process equipments is usually

60°

A

60°

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63
Q

Circumferential (hoop) stress in a thin cylindrical vessel under internal pressure is __________ the longitudinal stress.

twice

A

twice

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63
Q

A pressure vessel is said to be made of ‘thick’ shell, if the ratio of its diameter to wall thickness is

10

A

10

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63
Q

Tube side heat transfer co-efficient for turbulent flow of liquid through tubes is proportional to

G^0.8

A

G^0.8

64
Q

For storing hazardous chemicals in large storage tanks, the minimum safe distance between the two tanks should range between __________ times the tank diameter.

1 to 1.5

A

1 to 1.5

65
Q

The absorption factor is defined as (where, S1 = slope of the equilibrium curve, S2 = slope of the operating line)

S1/S2

A

S1/S2

66
Q

In a cylinderical vessel subjected to internal pressure, the longitudinal stress σL and the circumferential stress, σn are related by

σh = 2 σL

A

σh = 2 σL

67
Q

Nominal size of a pipe is an indication of its __________ diameter.

approximate

A

approximate

68
Q

The ratio of tube length to shell diameter in case of liquid shell and tube heat exchanger ranges from

4 to 8

A

4 to 8

69
Q

What is the slope of the operating line in the stripping section of a distillation column ?

> 1

A

> 1

70
Q

In a thin cylindrical shell, the hoop stress is __________ stress.

circumferential tensile

A

circumferential tensile

71
Q

Commercial packed scrubbers are normally designed for a pressure drop range of __________ mm water coloumn per metre of packed height.

17-34

A

17-34

72
Q

Rotary driers are most economically designed for the number of heat transfer units (HTU) from

1.5 to 2.5

A

1.5 to 2.5

73
Q

The difficulty of liquid distribution in packed towers is accentuated, when the ratio of tower diameter to packing diameter is

< 7

A

< 7

74
Q

With increase in temperature drop (in a shell and tube heat exchanger), the LMTD correction factor, FT

decreases very rapidly

A

decreases very rapidly

75
Q

The normal range of velocity of steam in pipes is __________ m/sec.

80-100

A

80-100

76
Q

The units of Young’s modulus of elasticity and __________ are the same.

stress

A

stress

77
Q

__________ liquor is best handled in a long tube vertical evaporator.

Foamy

A

Foamy

78
Q

Theoretically calculated diameter of the stripping section of the continuous rectification column is __________ that of the enriching section.

more than

A

more than

79
Q

Hold up of material in a operating rotary drier is in the range of

0.05 to 0.15

A

0.05 to 0.15

80
Q

A binary liquid azeotropic mixture has boiling point higher than either of the components, when it shows __________ deviation from Raoult’s Law.

negative

A

negative

81
Q

The testing pressure of storage tanks and pressure vessels designed as per Indian standard codes should be about __________ times.the design pressure.

1.5 to 2

A

1.5 to 2

82
Q

The ratio of down take area to cross-sectional area of the tube, for calendria type evaporator ranges from

0.5 to 1

A

0.5 to 1

83
Q

At equal mass velocities, the values of film coefficients for gases as compared to that for liquids are generally.

lower

A

lower

84
Q

The wall thickness of thin cylindrical shell with hemispherical ends is __________ that of the spherical ends.

more than

A

more than

85
Q

Minimum tube pitch recommended for shell and tube heat exchangers is about __________ times the outside diameter of the tube.

1.25

A

1.25

86
Q

Liquid redistribution should be done in a packed tower packed with raschig rings every 6 metres or __________ times the column diameter, whichever is lower.

2.5-3.0

A

2.5-3.0

87
Q

Slope of countercurrent flow rotary drier is in the range of __________ meter/metre.

0 to 0.08

A

0 to 0.08

88
Q

In case of saddle packing (e.g., berl and intralox saddles), the maximum size of the packing should not exceed __________ of the column diameter.

l/15th

A

l/15th

89
Q

The minimum baffle height should be

twice the impeller diameter.

A

twice the impeller diameter.

90
Q

To avoid the tearing off the plate of an edge, the margin (i.e., the minimum distance from the centre of the rivet hole to the nearest edge of the plate) should be equal to

1.5 d

A

1.5 d

91
Q

The normal range of velocity of water in pipes is __________ m/sec.

1-2

A

1-2

92
Q

Large process vessels operating under extreme temperature and pressure conditions are normally clad/ lined with materials like stainless steel, aluminium, nickel & its alloys, copper & its alloys and titanium. The cladding thickness is generally about __________ percent of the total thickness.

10 to 20

A

10 to 20

93
Q

Heat transfer co-efficient for a horizontal condenser as compared to a vertical condenser operating under similar conditions is

about 3 times

A

about 3 times

94
Q

The longitudinal stress induced in a thin walled cylinderical vessel under internal pressure is

pd/4t

A

pd/4t

95
Q

In case of plain carbon steel, butt welded joints are used for shell plate thickness ≤ __________ cms.

3.8

A

3.8

96
Q

The average velocity in the tubes of a 1-4 heat exchanger is __________ times that in 1-1 heat exchanger having the same size & number of tubes and operated at same liquid flow rate.

4

A

4

97
Q

Hoop (circumferential) stress induced in a thin walled ‘Horton Sphere’ used for the storage of liquid ammonia under pressure is

pd/2t

A

pd/2t

98
Q

The ratio, propeller agitator dia/ tank dia is normally taken as

0.15-0.30

A

0.15-0.30

99
Q

The clearance between two tubes in a shell and tube heat exchanger is known as ‘ligament’, whose minimum value is __________ the outside diameter of the tube, but in no case it should be less than 4.5 mm.

one fourth

A

one fourth

100
Q

The ratio for the rate of washing to the final rate of filtration in a washing type of plate and frame filter is

0.25

A

0.25

101
Q

Normally, the length to diameter ratio of rotary dryers varies form 4 to 10 and for its economic operation, the number of transfer units (NTU) for such dryers varies from

1.5-2.5

A

1.5-2.5

102
Q

Value of Peclet number = 0, is the representative of

complete back mixing.

A

complete back mixing.

103
Q

Poisson’s ratio of a material is the ratio of unit lateral strain to the unit axial elongation within its elastic limit. The value of Poisson’s ratio for structural and pressure vessel steel may be taken as

0.3

A

0.3

104
Q

Typical static submergence for bubble cap plate column operating at atmospheric pressure may be around

0.5”

A

0.5”

105
Q

The length of straight rectangular weir used on cross-flow trays is generally __________ the column diameter.

0.6-0.8 times

A

0.6-0.8 times

106
Q

Le/D for couplings and unions would be

negligible

A

negligible

107
Q

What is the slope of the operating line in the rectifying section of a distillation coloumn ?

<1

A

<1

108
Q

The minimum plate spacing in most of the pertroleum refinery distillation columns (of dia > 3 ft) is normally __________ inches.

18

A

18

109
Q

For a given design of bubble cap, the number of bubble caps to be used per tray is set by the

allowable gas velocity through the slots.

A

allowable gas velocity through the slots.

110
Q

The function of manholes provided in the shell of a distillation column is to

give access to the individual trays for cleaning, maintenance and installation.

A

give access to the individual trays for cleaning, maintenance and installation.

111
Q

Back-trapping in a distillation column results due to

excessive liquid gradient over the tray.

A

excessive liquid gradient over the tray.

112
Q

Diameter of bubble caps used in high pressure columns is __________ as compared to that used in identical vacuum columns.

more

A

more

113
Q

The ideal size of round bubble caps to be used in industrial distillation column having a diameter of 3-6 metres is __________ cms.

15

A

15

114
Q

Lap joints are preferred for plates having thickness __________ mm.

> 3

A

> 3

115
Q

In a distillation column, minimum clearance to be maintained betweeen the overflow weir and the last row of the bubble caps is __________ cms.

7.5

A

7.5

116
Q

Which of the following lengths of heat exchanger tubes are normally not used in practice ?

10 metres

A

10 metres

117
Q

In case of a shell and tube heat exchanger, the effect of L/D on inside film heat transfer co-efficient (hi) vanishes after a Reynold number of

10000

A

10000

118
Q

Equivalent diameter for heat transfer calculation for a duct of square cross-section having each side as ‘d’ will be

d

A

d

119
Q

In a continuous distillation column, the optimum reflux ratio ranges from __________ times the minimum reflux ratio.

1.1 to 1.5

A

1.1 to 1.5

120
Q

In the case of a shell and tube heat exchanger, the logarithmic mean temperature difference

is always less than arithmetic average value.

A

is always less than arithmetic average value.

121
Q

In packed absorption tower, onset of flooding usually occurs at a pressure drop of about __________ mm of water column per metre height of packing.

50-75

A

50-75

122
Q

For pipe flows, head is proportional to __________ at constant capacity (where D = pipe diameter ).

1/D^5

A

1/D^5

123
Q

The minimum tray spacing in distillation column of diameter less than 3 ft is normally __________ inches.

6

A

6

124
Q

Normally, the ratio of the total riser area to the tower cross sectional area (for bubble cap towers of diameter more than 3 ft) is around

0.1-0.2

A

0.1-0.2

125
Q

Maximum size of the raschig rings used in a packed tower is about __________ of the column diameter.

1/30th

A

1/30th

126
Q

The safe distance of habitation from a hazardous chemical plant (TLV of its product < 1000 ppm) should be about __________ kms.

25

A

25

127
Q

The practical representative values of HETP for a number of commercial operations lies within a range of __________ metre.

0.4-0.9

A

0.4-0.9

128
Q

Height of the flights in the rotary drier is in the range of

0.08 to 0.12 d

A

0.08 to 0.12 d

129
Q

Vapor velocity in a distillation column for non-foaming mixture is in the range of __________ times the flooding velocity.

0.6 to 0.7

A

0.6 to 0.7

130
Q

For turbine agitator, the impeller diameter is about

0.3 to 0.5 d

A

0.3 to 0.5 d

131
Q

A binary liquid azeotropic mixture has boiling point lower than either of the components, when it shows __________ deviation from Raoult’s Law.

A

positive

132
Q

A single pass air heater is connected to a two pass unit. For the air flow rate and other conditions remaining the same, the film heat transfer co-efficient for air will vary in the ratio of

2^0.8

A

2^0.8

133
Q

If a single tube pass heat exchanger is converted to two passes; for the same flow rate, the pressure drop per unit length in tube side will __________ times.

increase by 2^1.6

A

increase by 2^1.6

134
Q

The equivalent diameter for pressure drop is __________ that for heat transfer.

smaller than

A

smaller than

135
Q

The approximate liquid depth in an agitation tank is equal to (where, d = tank diameter)

d

A

d

136
Q

Baffle width is normally taken as __________ times the tank diameter.

0.1-0.12

A

0.1-0.12

137
Q

A cylinderical pressure vessel of volume 6 πm3 has to be designed to withstand a maximum internal pressure of 10 atm. The allowable design stress of the material is 125N/mm2 and corrosion allowance is 2 mm. The thickness of the vessel for a length/diameter ratio of 3 will be close to

10mm

A

10mm

138
Q

Lug support is meant for supporting __________ vessels.

small

A

small

139
Q

Pressure drop per tray in the atmospheric distillation column is about __________ psi.

A

0.07 - 0.12

140
Q

Welded joint efficiency in the design of chemical process equipment is taken as

0.85

A

0.85

141
Q

The ratio of linear stress to linear strain is termed as the

modulus of elasticity

A

modulus of elasticity

142
Q

In seive plate column, holes are drilled or punched in sizes ranging from 2.5 to 12 mm (5 mm being widely used). The hole pitch is normally __________ times the hole diameter to give the required hole area.

2.5 to 4.0

A

2.5 to 4.0

143
Q

Bubble cap diameter used for the distillation column having diameter ranging from 1.5 to 4.5 metres is about __________ mm.

100mm

A

100mm

144
Q

Tube height in a calendria type evaporator is normally less than __________ metres.

2m

A

2m

145
Q

For a 25 mm hole drilled in plates to be rivetted, the shank diameter of the rivet should be __________ mm.

23mm

A

23mm

146
Q

Pressure differential maintained across a continuous rotary vacuum filter is in the range of __________ mm Hg column.

A

250 to 500

147
Q

In a double pipe (concentric) heat exchanger, the hydraulic radius for heat transfer (for a fluid flowing through the annulus) would be

A

more than that for fluid flow.

148
Q

In a pressure vessel containing multiple openings of various dimensions at different parts, stress concentration at the edges of the opening is maximum which becomes negligibly small beyond the area covered by __________ times the hole diameter.

two

A

two

149
Q

What is the slope of the feed line, if the feed to a distillation column is a saturated liquid ?

∞

A

∞

150
Q

Le/D for 90° elbow (medium radius) and 90°square elbow would be respectively around

A

25 and 60

151
Q

What is the value of ‘q’ for saturated vapor feed to a distillation column ?(where q = fraction of the feed stream that is liquid.)

0

A

0

152
Q

In hydrostatic testing of welded pipe (for leakage, strength etc.) the ratio of minimum hydrostatic test pressure to internal design pressure is around

1.5

A

1.5

153
Q

Frame thickness in the plate and frame filter press is normally in the range of __________ inches.

0.25 to 8

A

0.25 to 8

154
Q

Cylinderical shell thickness of rotary drier is generally __________ mm.

6-8

A

6-8

155
Q

The ratio of lateral strain to linear strain is termed as the

Poisson’s ratio

A

Poisson’s ratio

156
Q

A minimum clearance of about __________ mm is maintained between the distillation column wall and the bubble cap.

38

A

38

157
Q

The ratio of volumes of the mixed reactor to the plug flow reactor (for identical feed composition, flow rate, conversion, and for all positive reaction orders) is always

> 1

A

> 1

158
Q

Le/D for a Tee (used as elbow, entering run) would be around

A

60

159
Q

Tubes are fixed to the tube sheet (a thick circular metallic plate) by the method of tube rolling and brazing (non-removable) or ferrule connection (removable). Thickness of the tube, sheet is normally __________ the outside diameter of the tube but in no case it should be less than 22 mm (7/8”).

A

equal to

160
Q

A shell may by termed as thin if its thickness to diameter ratio is less than 0.1. The factor which can be neglected in the calculation of membrane stresses is

bending

A

bending

161
Q

Which of the following efficiencies can be greater than 100% ?

Murphree plate efficiency.

A

Murphree plate efficiency.

DAY 2 (8 decks)

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