Procedural memory/skill memory Flashcards

1
Q

procedural memory

A

-improved performance (accuracy/speed) on perceptual motor or cognitive tasks with practice

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2
Q

perceptual-motor skills

A
  • motor patterns
  • guided by sensory input
  • maps sensory world to response, the sensory world is dynamic
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3
Q

cognitive skills

A

-ability to problem solve and apply strategies

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4
Q

types of perceptual motor

A
  • closed loop skills

- open loop skills

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5
Q

closed loop skills

A
  • performing pre-defined sequence of actions
  • express the same motor executions
  • e.g. gymnastics, dance, synchro
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6
Q

open loop skills

A
  • requires dynamic adjustment based on changes in the environment
  • e.g., basketball, improvising jazz
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7
Q

are most skills closed or open?

A

-most skills like on a spectrum from closed to open

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8
Q

How is procedural memory different from declarative memory?

A
  • procedural memory is :
    • acquired without conscious awareness: implicit learning
    • we are not aware when we draw on procedural learning
    • typically difficult to verbalize
    • requires repeated learning trials (extensive practice)
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9
Q

Implicit learning

A
  • acquisition of implicit memories without conscious awareness
  • measured with serial reaction time task
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10
Q

serial reaction time task

A
  • press different buttons that correspond to different visual cues
  • cues mostly appear in random order, but some are repeated
  • with training, reaction time to the repeated sequence is faster than the random sequence
  • participants are not usually aware that the sequence was repeated
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11
Q

How is procedural memory different from priming?

A
  • priming is facilitated performance regarding a particular STIMULUS
  • skill learning is facilitated performance on a particular TASK with MULTIPLE STIMULI
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12
Q

power law of learning

A

-gains in learning are very rapid at first, but the rate of learning decreases with practice

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13
Q

stages of skill learning

Fitt’s three stage model (1964)

A
  • Cognitive stage: initial period, typically verbal, in which effort is required to perform the skill
  • associative stage: less reliance on verbal rules, more stereotyped behavior
  • autonomous stage: requires little attention, can do other things concurrently, automatic, requires little attention (habitual)
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14
Q

factors for effective practice

A
  • feedback: knowledge of performance during practice
  • spacing: massed or spaced
  • variability: constant or variable
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15
Q

spacing

A
  • massed: concentrated practice

- spaced: spread out

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16
Q

variability

A
  • constant: practice focused on a single skill

- variable: practice that alternates between a set of skills, is more effective

17
Q

Ericcson

A

-proposed that you need about 10,000 hours of deliberate practice to become an expert

18
Q

expertise

A
  • it isn’t just time that matters, it’s how you practice
  • e.g., spacing is important, it is best to practice for 2-3 hours per day for many years
  • people often hit plateaus (law of learning)
  • deliberate practice matters in order to get past these plateaus
  • focus on feedback, overcome motor habits that might not be optimal
19
Q

Deliberate practice

A
  • requires focused attention
  • requires feedback
  • requires regularly changing context and conditions and variability
20
Q

importance of failure

A
  • practice should be challenging
  • to get past plateau, there must be a risk of failure (desirable difficulty)
  • lacking awareness or not addressing failure is often the reason we don’t improve with practice
  • practice doesn’t necessarily make perfect
21
Q

transfer

A
  • generalization of skill learning from one context to another
  • generally most skills don’t transfer
22
Q

transfer specificity

A

-restricted applicability of some learned skills to a specific situation

23
Q

when are skills likely to transfer:

Thorndike’s identical elements

A
  • similarity of the training context to the new context

- more shared (identical) elements = better transfer of skill learning

24
Q

amnesic patients and skill learning

A

-can still acquire new skills
-hippocampal/MTL not necessary for simple motor skills
-mirror tracing:
-requires new perceptual motor mapping
cortical representations of visual perceptions need to be associated with cortical representations of motor programs (basal ganglia)

25
brain substrates involved in skill learning
- basal ganglia - cortex (especially motor) - cerebellum
26
basal ganglia
- input: many cortical regions - output: thalamus - learns mappings between sensory information and optimal outcome - key role in regulating the direction, speed, and strength of movement
27
different radial arm tests
Radial arm task - declarative: each arm has food, has to remember which arms were visited - procedural: half the arms are baited and signaled wiht light, performance requires entering illuminated arms only (stimulus response)
28
MTL vs basal ganglia damage
- hippocampal lesion = errors on declarative radial arm task | - basal ganglia lesion = errors on procedural radial arm task
29
parkinson's disease
- neurodegenerative, affects about 1 million - movement disorder - cognitive affects: impairments in procedural learning, gradual death of neurons in substantia nigra (source of dopamine) that projects into the basal ganglia - the release of dopaminergic signals during learning usually help the basal ganglia to learn the new appropriate output
30
weather prediction task
- test of probabilistic classification - slowly learn relation between card and probability - controls and amnesics get better - PD patients don't improve but they have declarative memory of the task
31
amnesics and list learning
- impaired on explicit task (name the words) - implicit testing: tell me the first thing that comes to mind (stem completion) - no recall, impaired recognition - able to generate as many words as control
32
priming
change in performance (accuracy/speed) with a stimulus (e.g., word or picture) due to prior processing of that stimulus or a related stimulus
33
are priming and declarative memory dissociated in healthy individuals?
yes
34
perceptual overlap and generalization: explicit and implicit dissociations (study)
- study with no context, semantic context or gernative context - given explicit (recognition of the word) or implict probe (word flashed for 34 milliseconds, identify the word) - priming is relative: compare performance on old words to performance on new words - explicit: best for generative - priming: best for no context - shows a dissociation between episodic memory and semantic processing and priming and sensory stimulus