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Problem Solving Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of problems in problem solving

A

Structured, Unstructured, Well-defined and Ill- defined.

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2
Q

What problem can be automated and have a standard solution.

A

Structured problem

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3
Q

What is a well-defined problem?

A

A straightforward problem with a single solution.

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4
Q

What type of problem has many variables, a complex solution and many possible solutions?

A

Ill-defined problem

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5
Q

Describe an unstructured problem

A

It cannot be solved by a computer and needs judgement and insight.

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6
Q

What are the two types of knowledge we use when solving a problem?

A

Declarative and procedural knowledge

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7
Q

What is declarative knowledge?

A

It is the facts we collect for a problem.

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8
Q

What is procedural knowledge?

A

It is knowing how to do something, following a procedure.

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9
Q

Hypotheticals is when you think what and what does it form part of?

A

If this, then that. It forms part of procedural knowledge.

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10
Q

What do you call when you are aware of your own thought process?

A

Metacognition

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11
Q

What is the stuff you can see and is both measurable and based on experience.

A

Empirical evidence

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12
Q

What is a fallacy?

A

It is an error in logic or faulty reasoning

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13
Q

Name the 9 types of fallacies

A

Conflation, false dichotomy, straw man, appeal to authority, red herring, compound question, Tu Quoque, anecdotal and ad hominem

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14
Q

What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?

A

A hypothesis is small scale and a theory is large scale

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15
Q

Give an example of a hypothesis and a theory

A

H: If sugar causes cavities, then people who eat more candy may be prone to more cavities.
T: Theory of relativity

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16
Q

What do you call it when we deduce or conclude from evidence rather from explicit statements?

A

Infer

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17
Q

What is the definition of deduce?

A

To arrive at a conclusion by reasoning

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18
Q

Something that you did not consider during your research is called what?

A

Lurking/confounding variables

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19
Q

What is the optimal solution?

A

The solution that takes the least amount of time, resources and effort.

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20
Q

Give the 7 problem-solving techniques?

A

Process of elimination, Socratic method, solve by analogy, means-end analysis, divide and conquer, trial and error, propositional and predicate logic.

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21
Q

Describe the process of elimination

A

The process by which we consider and then either accept or reject each possible option.

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22
Q

Describe the Socratic method

A

Ill-defined problem that threads closer to philosophy and ethics. Focuses on investigative dialogue to promote critical thinking around a certain argument.

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23
Q

Describe divide and conquer

A

A problem is decomposed into smaller, more manageable problems which are then solved. These solutions are then returned to the original problem to find the solution.

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24
Q

Describe solving by analogy

A

An analogy is a conceptual match or parallel between two different problems. They have enough in common that a similar approach could be feasible.

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25
Describe means-end analysis
You start by investigating your aim and planning the optimal path to achieve that. This is a larger scale technique since it can incorporate several other techniques.
26
Describe propositional and predicate logic
By using a combination of Boolean/binary statements and predicates which contain variables, we can analyse a problem to considerable detail.
27
Describe trial and error
Trying a method, evaluating its success, trying a new method if it was unsuccessful. This is repeated until a successful method is found.
28
What are the 4 definitions of critical thinking
1. Methodical, autonomous thinking, which model the ideal methods of thinking that suit a certain mode or domain. What does soldiers think when going into battle. 2. The process of determining the validity, precision, and value of information. Pinocchio says that he is going to lie now. 3. Thinking that shows a keen grasp of cognitive skills and aptitudes. What would you say are the key skills for someone that is smart. 4. The skill of thinking about your thinking as you are busy thinking to help you think better through clarity, accuracy, and empiricism.
29
There are 2 components under critical thinking, mainly reasoning and skills. List what falls under reasoning.
Deductive and inductive reasoning.
30
What is deductive reasoning
It tests the hypothesis. You use evidence and investigate possible options to arrive at a conclusion.
31
A conclusion is uses to do what to a hypothesis
To either support or refute it
32
To use 2 or more premises and deductive reasoning to reach a conclusion is called what?
A syllogism
33
What is inductive reasoning?
You start with observations and based on them you create your hypothesis. Data is observed with the premise being extrapolated from this data
34
What is the definition of extrapolated
To predict by projecting past experience and known data.
35
The other component in critical thinking is critical thinking skills, list them.
Categorizing, comparing, analysing and interpreting.
36
What are the two concepts in categorizing
Superordinates and hyponyms
37
How do you describe the term superordinate?
It is a term that is more general and includes other terms under its umbrella.
38
What do we do when we compare in critical thinking?
We investigate a certain attribute or characteristic
39
To investigate the various parts of something in order to better understand it is called what? List the types we find as well.
Analysis. Descriptive, exploratory, inferential and predictive.
40
What is descriptive analysis?
It focuses on the what. Collecting facts and creating a summary
41
What is Exploratory analysis?
Aim is to investigate the data and find a relationship which were not apparent.
42
An important term in exploratory analysis is what and explain what the term means.
Correlation It is a relationship or link between two or more things
43
What is inferential analysis?
Investing the data and considering to extrapolate it to a larger sample. We then use a combination of deductive and inductive reasoning to see if we can create a hypothesis
44
What is predictive analysis?
Consider trends and patterns to see if predictions could be made
45
What is interpreting in critical thinking?
It is the process we go through to arrive at a conclusion
46
What can usually creep in when doing interpretation?
Bias or subjectively
47
What are the 5 types of bias?
Unconscious bias, selection bias, confirmation bias, lurking variables and outliers.
48
What is unconscious bias and give an example
It is social stereotypes you have but are unaware of. If you are walking down a road in the middle of the night, you will be more relaxed if a woman is walking towards you than a man.
49
What is selection bias and give an example
It comes from any error in selecting the study participants If you send out a survey to collect information on a certain topic, you are excluding those without internet access.
50
What is confirmation bias and give an example
You already hold certain position on something before you even start investigating it Oral B pays researchers to check the efficiency of their toothpaste.
51
Give an example of a lurking variable
When more ice creams are sold, the murder rate goes up. Therefore, ice cream causes murder.
52
What are outliers and give an example
They are extreme values that can distort the average The average age of the class is 35 but most students are 18 years old.
53
What is the definition of computational thinking
Computational thinking is the process of recognizing aspects of computing in the world that surrounds us and applying tools and techniques from computer science to understand and reason about both natural and artificial systems and processes.
54
List the skills of computational thinking
Logical thinking, pattern recognition, decomposition, evaluation, abstraction, modelling and algorithmic thinking
55
What is logical thinking
It revolves around facts and coming to a conclusion through reasoning
56
How do we use pattern recognition
Through patterns we can spot something that could possibly apply in further situations. It's a key aspect of prediction and trend analysis.
57
What is decomposition
It is when we break down a problem into smaller, simpler parts.
58
What do we need to consider when we evaluate?
Is it effective, efficient, elegant and usable
59
What is abstraction?
Take anything from real life and create a simpler version in another format
60
What is an example of abstraction?
Do i need to know how an engine works to drive a car?
61
What is modelling?
Taking an object or concept and creating a version that ignores certain details.
62
Between modelling and abstraction who is the superordinate and who is the hyponym?
Abstraction is the superordinate and modelling is the hyponym
63
What is algorithmic thinking
It is a stepwise approach, sequence of instructions. It needs to be in a specific manner to ensure effectiveness and efficiency
64
What are the 5 things to keep in mind or be aware of when using algorithmic thinking
intuition vs precision, ambiguity vs definiteness, random and sequential, conditions, iteration
65
How can we describe intuition vs precision
We must not make assumptions. We need to be precise and show accurate detail.
66
Give an example of Intuition vs precision
How much salt is "some" salt
67
What is ambiguity vs definiteness
Each step must be precisely defined.
68
Give an example of ambiguity vs definiteness
Add some spices is not clearly defined since there are many spices
69
What is random and sequential
Each step needs to follow a certain order, sometimes the order does not matter
70
Give an example of random and sequential
For example, mixing dry ingredients vs putting something in the oven.
71
What is conditions
At some point you algorithm could fork depending on a certain decision or condition
72
Give an example of a condition
If the ice-cream machine works, buy one
73
What is iteration
Would be when you are repeating an entire set of instructions. Iteration is repetition

Problem Solving (1 decks)

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