Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Problem Solving > Problem Solving > Flashcards

Problem Solving Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of problems in problem solving

A

Structured, Unstructured, Well-defined and Ill- defined.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What problem can be automated and have a standard solution.

A

Structured problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a well-defined problem?

A

A straightforward problem with a single solution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What type of problem has many variables, a complex solution and many possible solutions?

A

Ill-defined problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe an unstructured problem

A

It cannot be solved by a computer and needs judgement and insight.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the two types of knowledge we use when solving a problem?

A

Declarative and procedural knowledge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is declarative knowledge?

A

It is the facts we collect for a problem.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is procedural knowledge?

A

It is knowing how to do something, following a procedure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hypotheticals is when you think what and what does it form part of?

A

If this, then that. It forms part of procedural knowledge.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do you call when you are aware of your own thought process?

A

Metacognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the stuff you can see and is both measurable and based on experience.

A

Empirical evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a fallacy?

A

It is an error in logic or faulty reasoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name the 9 types of fallacies

A

Conflation, false dichotomy, straw man, appeal to authority, red herring, compound question, Tu Quoque, anecdotal and ad hominem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?

A

A hypothesis is small scale and a theory is large scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Give an example of a hypothesis and a theory

A

H: If sugar causes cavities, then people who eat more candy may be prone to more cavities.
T: Theory of relativity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do you call it when we deduce or conclude from evidence rather from explicit statements?

A

Infer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the definition of deduce?

A

To arrive at a conclusion by reasoning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Something that you did not consider during your research is called what?

A

Lurking/confounding variables

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the optimal solution?

A

The solution that takes the least amount of time, resources and effort.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Give the 7 problem-solving techniques?

A

Process of elimination, Socratic method, solve by analogy, means-end analysis, divide and conquer, trial and error, propositional and predicate logic.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Describe the process of elimination

A

The process by which we consider and then either accept or reject each possible option.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe the Socratic method

A

Ill-defined problem that threads closer to philosophy and ethics. Focuses on investigative dialogue to promote critical thinking around a certain argument.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe divide and conquer

A

A problem is decomposed into smaller, more manageable problems which are then solved. These solutions are then returned to the original problem to find the solution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe solving by analogy

A

An analogy is a conceptual match or parallel between two different problems. They have enough in common that a similar approach could be feasible.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Describe means-end analysis

A

You start by investigating your aim and planning the optimal path to achieve that. This is a larger scale technique since it can incorporate several other techniques.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Describe propositional and predicate logic

A

By using a combination of Boolean/binary statements and predicates which contain variables, we can analyse a problem to considerable detail.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Describe trial and error

A

Trying a method, evaluating its success, trying a new method if it was unsuccessful. This is repeated until a successful method is found.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the 4 definitions of critical thinking

A
  1. Methodical, autonomous thinking, which model the ideal methods of thinking that suit a certain mode or domain. What does soldiers think when going into battle.
  2. The process of determining the validity, precision, and value of information. Pinocchio says that he is going to lie now.
  3. Thinking that shows a keen grasp of cognitive skills and aptitudes. What would you say are the key skills for someone that is smart.
  4. The skill of thinking about your thinking as you are busy thinking to help you think better through clarity, accuracy, and empiricism.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

There are 2 components under critical thinking, mainly reasoning and skills. List what falls under reasoning.

A

Deductive and inductive reasoning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is deductive reasoning

A

It tests the hypothesis. You use evidence and investigate possible options to arrive at a conclusion.

31
Q

A conclusion is uses to do what to a hypothesis

A

To either support or refute it

32
Q

To use 2 or more premises and deductive reasoning to reach a conclusion is called what?

A

A syllogism

33
Q

What is inductive reasoning?

A

You start with observations and based on them you create your hypothesis. Data is observed with the premise being extrapolated from this data

34
Q

What is the definition of extrapolated

A

To predict by projecting past experience and known data.

35
Q

The other component in critical thinking is critical thinking skills, list them.

A

Categorizing, comparing, analysing and interpreting.

36
Q

What are the two concepts in categorizing

A

Superordinates and hyponyms

37
Q

How do you describe the term superordinate?

A

It is a term that is more general and includes other terms under its umbrella.

38
Q

What do we do when we compare in critical thinking?

A

We investigate a certain attribute or characteristic

39
Q

To investigate the various parts of something in order to better understand it is called what? List the types we find as well.

A

Analysis.

Descriptive, exploratory, inferential and predictive.

40
Q

What is descriptive analysis?

A

It focuses on the what. Collecting facts and creating a summary

41
Q

What is Exploratory analysis?

A

Aim is to investigate the data and find a relationship which were not apparent.

42
Q

An important term in exploratory analysis is what and explain what the term means.

A

Correlation

It is a relationship or link between two or more things

43
Q

What is inferential analysis?

A

Investing the data and considering to extrapolate it to a larger sample. We then use a combination of deductive and inductive reasoning to see if we can create a hypothesis

44
Q

What is predictive analysis?

A

Consider trends and patterns to see if predictions could be made

45
Q

What is interpreting in critical thinking?

A

It is the process we go through to arrive at a conclusion

46
Q

What can usually creep in when doing interpretation?

A

Bias or subjectively

47
Q

What are the 5 types of bias?

A

Unconscious bias, selection bias, confirmation bias, lurking variables and outliers.

48
Q

What is unconscious bias and give an example

A

It is social stereotypes you have but are unaware of.

If you are walking down a road in the middle of the night, you will be more relaxed if a woman is walking towards you than a man.

49
Q

What is selection bias and give an example

A

It comes from any error in selecting the study participants

If you send out a survey to collect information on a certain topic, you are excluding those without internet access.

50
Q

What is confirmation bias and give an example

A

You already hold certain position on something before you even start investigating it

Oral B pays researchers to check the efficiency of their toothpaste.

51
Q

Give an example of a lurking variable

A

When more ice creams are sold, the murder rate goes up. Therefore, ice cream causes murder.

52
Q

What are outliers and give an example

A

They are extreme values that can distort the average

The average age of the class is 35 but most students are 18 years old.

53
Q

What is the definition of computational thinking

A

Computational thinking is the process of recognizing aspects of computing in the world that surrounds us and applying tools and techniques from computer science to understand and reason about both natural and artificial systems and processes.

54
Q

List the skills of computational thinking

A

Logical thinking, pattern recognition, decomposition, evaluation, abstraction, modelling and algorithmic thinking

55
Q

What is logical thinking

A

It revolves around facts and coming to a conclusion through reasoning

56
Q

How do we use pattern recognition

A

Through patterns we can spot something that could possibly apply in further situations. It’s a key aspect of prediction and trend analysis.

57
Q

What is decomposition

A

It is when we break down a problem into smaller, simpler parts.

58
Q

What do we need to consider when we evaluate?

A

Is it effective, efficient, elegant and usable

59
Q

What is abstraction?

A

Take anything from real life and create a simpler version in another format

60
Q

What is an example of abstraction?

A

Do i need to know how an engine works to drive a car?

61
Q

What is modelling?

A

Taking an object or concept and creating a version that ignores certain details.

62
Q

Between modelling and abstraction who is the superordinate and who is the hyponym?

A

Abstraction is the superordinate and modelling is the hyponym

63
Q

What is algorithmic thinking

A

It is a stepwise approach, sequence of instructions. It needs to be in a specific manner to ensure effectiveness and efficiency

64
Q

What are the 5 things to keep in mind or be aware of when using algorithmic thinking

A

intuition vs precision, ambiguity vs definiteness, random and sequential, conditions, iteration

65
Q

How can we describe intuition vs precision

A

We must not make assumptions. We need to be precise and show accurate detail.

66
Q

Give an example of Intuition vs precision

A

How much salt is “some” salt

67
Q

What is ambiguity vs definiteness

A

Each step must be precisely defined.

68
Q

Give an example of ambiguity vs definiteness

A

Add some spices is not clearly defined since there are many spices

69
Q

What is random and sequential

A

Each step needs to follow a certain order, sometimes the order does not matter

70
Q

Give an example of random and sequential

A

For example, mixing dry ingredients vs putting something in the oven.

71
Q

What is conditions

A

At some point you algorithm could fork depending on a certain decision or condition

72
Q

Give an example of a condition

A

If the ice-cream machine works, buy one

73
Q

What is iteration

A

Would be when you are repeating an entire set of instructions. Iteration is repetition

Problem Solving (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions