Problem Set #3 Terms

Question 1

ANOVA: Analysis of Variance

Answer 1

An inferential parametric statistic we use for comparing the means of a few groups (F for a few– 3 or more)

Question 2

Between Groups ANOVA

Answer 2

An inferential parametric statistic we use for comparing the means of three or more groups and each group is composed of different participants.

-AKA Independent groups ANOVA or a Simple ANOVA

Question 3

What is Between Groups?

Answer 3

• Comes up a lot in connection with ANOVA.
• The source table has a sum of squares (SS) and mean square (MS or variance) associated with the between groups line. This reflects the effects of the IV plus error variance.
• IMPORTANT: We are always comparing differences between groups produced by the IV against differences due to change.

Question 4

What is a confounding variable?

Answer 4

A variable that systematically covaries with the IV so we can’t determine which variable is at work on the DV = confound.

Question 5

What is counterbalance?

Answer 5

Effort to minimize order effects by varying the order of presentation of different levels of the IV from one participant to the next.

• If there are 3 different levels of the IC, there are THREE different orders and we would need 6 participants, one for each order

Question 6

When is counterbalancing used?

Answer 6

In repeated measures designs to eliminate order effects.

Question 7

What is eta-squared?

Answer 7

• A measure effect of Cohen’s d.

- Tells us how much variability in the DV is explained or accounted for by the IV.

Question 8

What is the effect size?

Answer 8

The proportion of variance in the DV that is explained by the IV.

• Cohen’s d or eta-squared

Question 9

What is error?

Answer 9

• mistake

- everything that’s unaccounted for in our research

Question 10

What type of errors are there?

Answer 10

• sampling error
• error variance
• systematic error called confounds
• random

Question 11

What is factor?

Answer 11

A term used for IV in a study with more than one IV.

Question 12

What is F-ratio?

Answer 12

The formula for the F test is the ratio of between-groups variance to within-groups variance.

I can also be expressed as the ratio of treatment variance to error variance.

Question 13

T/F: If the IV is having no effect on the DV, the F ratio will be f = 1?

Answer 13

True

Question 14

T/F: If the IV is having an effect on the DV, the F ratio will be significantly greater than 1?

Answer 14

True

Question 15

What is level?

Answer 15

A discrete value or condition that an IV can take on.

Mostly in ANOVA

Question 16

What is an LSD test?

Answer 16

Inferential stat for making pair-wise comparisons between any two means in an analysis of variance.

Question 17

What is one-way ANOVA?

Answer 17

Inferential stat test for comparing the means of a few groups (3 or more)

• using independent groups or between subjects design.

Question 18

What are one-way repeated measures ANOVA?

Answer 18

Stat test for comparingg the means of a few (3 or more) groups using a repeated measures, or correlated-groups, or within-subjects design.

• tested on all-levels of IV

Question 19

What is order effect?

Answer 19

Effect produced when a participant’s behavior changes when the DV is measured repeatedly.

Question 20

What is the Post hoc test?

Answer 20

“After the event”

ANOVE: we can follow it by testing all possible pairs of groups to pinpoint which ones differ significantly from each other and which ones of not.

WE WILL ONLY USE LSD TEST

Question 21

What is Prep?

Answer 21

Measure of likelihood we can replicate the results of a study.

Question 22

What is repeated measures?

Answer 22

Research in which one group of people is measured repeatedly or is in each condition of the study.

AKA Within-Subjects Factor

• One-Way ANOVA

Question 23

What is a sampling error?

Answer 23

Amount of inaccuracy in data due to studying a sample rather than testing the entire population.

Question 24

KNOW HOW TO CALCULATE ELEMENTS ON THE SOURCE TABLE!!!

Answer 24

.

Question 25

What is subject or situation variable?

Answer 25

Characteristic of the people we are studying, such as their gender or age, which allows for different conclusions (Quasi-experiment.)

Question 26

What is the sum of squares?

Answer 26

Sum of the squared deviations of each score from some mean.

• Source table as SS

Question 27

What is within-groups ANOVA?

Answer 27

Inferential stat test in which there are more than two samples, and each sample is composed of the same participants; also called a repeated measures ANOVA

Question 28

What is within-groups sum of squares?

Answer 28

The sum of the squared deviations of each score from its group mean.

AKA error sum of squares

Called ERROR because it is used to calculate the variance due to all the random, chance factors that can influence the DV and we refer to this as error to distinguish it from the effect of the IV on the data

Question 29

What is within-groups variance?

Answer 29

Variance within each group; an estimate of variance due to all individual differences in the population.

In ANOVA source table = MS (Mean squared deviation); that’s variance