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peception PSY1005 > problem areas > Flashcards

problem areas Flashcards

1
Q

what is protanopia

A

no L cones - meaning red green colour blindness when red cones are absent

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2
Q

what is deuteranopia

A

no M cones - green cones are absent and is green red colour blind

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3
Q

what is tritanopia

A

no S cones - the rarest form and is blue yellow colour blindness as there’s no cones for blue

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4
Q

what do X chromosomes code for in colour vision

A

code for S and M cones - is recessive which is why men are more likely to have colour blindness

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5
Q

what is acromatopsia

A

colour blindness and deficiency due to cortical injury

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6
Q

what is monochromatism

A

having rods not cones - causes black white and grey vision and are sensitive to light

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7
Q

what is the principal of univariance- vision

A

individual cones are colour blind and the absorption of light by the photo pigment in the receptor always causes the same isomeration no matter the wavelength - any photoreceptor type, wavelength and light intensity are interchangeable

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8
Q

phototransduction in receptors - vision using photoreceptors

A

photoreceptors contain retinal and opsin - retinal changes shape via isomerisation and initiates chemical reaction. this signals are conveyed through bipolar cells to ganglion and leave via optic nerve

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9
Q

what are pictorial cues?

A

form of monocular, learned cues. these include occlusion, cast shadows, relative size, texture gradient, atmospheric perspective and perspective convergence

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10
Q

occlusion (cue)

A

when an object is partially hidden behind another, the one behind is further away

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11
Q

cast shadows as a cue

A

shadows made give info about location in depth, but mainly give us info on 3d shapes

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12
Q

relative size

A

for objects that are the same size, the one that’s smaller must be further away

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13
Q

texture gradient- visual cue

A

small objects are further away - texture elements can be manipulated to show size and spacing

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14
Q

atmospheric perspective -vision

A

when objects are viewed through impurities like fog and dust cause distant objects to become blurred - objects further away have less defined shapes

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15
Q

what function does motion perception serve in social perception?

A

detecting emotion

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16
Q

how does the visual system encode information about motion

A

by subtracting eye and head movements

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17
Q

what is apparent motion

A

perceiving movement as a result of alternating signals appearing quickly from one location to another

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18
Q

explain the waterfall illusion

A

is a motion after effect when motion sensitive receptors are connected to motion-detector cells which code motion in opposite direction. cells fatigue when adapting to one direction and so the opposing sensor takes over

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19
Q

saccadic eye movements

A

snapshot of the world by moving fovea to object of interest, quickly and accurately

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20
Q

VOR eye movements

A

keep image of the world stationary when we move out head

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21
Q

pursuit

A

following object using fovea and is involuntary

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22
Q

vergence movements

A

pointing both fovea at an object preventing double vision, and the eyes rotate in opposite direction

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23
Q

kinetic depth

A

when a 3 object rotates some points move faster across the retina than others

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24
Q

outflow theory

A

outward (efferent) signals move the eye muscle, signal is copied to a comparator and this is compared with retinal movement

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25
what is the reichcart detector
neural circuits explain motion perception with a still eye. signals are sent to output bits which compare signals sent by a and b neurones - multiple responses are recorded which create the movement signal
26
corollary discharge theory
stops scenes from blurring when we move our eyes by distinguishing between image displacement signal and motor signal
27
features of neurons the the primary visual cortex
they rarely respond to spots of light, respond to elongated contours, are orientation selective and have orientation neurons. the V1 also contains simple cells
28
complex cortical cells
respond best to movements of correctly orientated bars
29
features of the lateral geniculate nucleus
has 6 layers, the top 4 being parvocellular (small cell transfer) and the bottom two being magnocellular (large cell transfer)
30
purpose of the lateral geniculate nucleus
separate visual fields applies stored knowledge such as size constancy
31
role of receptive fields and why they are important
influence firing rate are feature detectors have excitatory and inhibitory regions
32
where does visual information travel after retinal ganglion cells
LGN - optic nerve - occipital lobe - v1 - temporal - parietal - frontal lobe
33
the role of cortical neurones as feature detectors
they pull the responses of previous receptive fields of neurons and are important or processing and analysis
34
colour perception- representation and receptive fields
colour is represented by comparing S M and L cones and neurones are opponent cells such as red green
35
what is retinotopic mapping
mapping the retina and specific points are preserved in the lgn allows spatial representation
36
fundamental frequency
the repetition of waves
37
what do middle ear ossicles do
amplify sound waves for better transmission to the cochlear
38
what does the cochlear do
transduces sound waves and frequencies hit different part of the basilar membrane - place coding
39
what is a tonotopic map
where different frequencies hit different location in the basilar membrane
40
transduction in the ear
by the basilar membrane and the organ of corti which have cilia when sound travels through hair cells create electrical responses - action potentials and depolarisation due to ion flow APs are sent from auditory nerve to cortex
41
what are papillae and what do they do
form the surface of the tongue each one has 50-100 taste cells that connect to axons detect taste and texture
42
what are the 4 types of papillae
filiform - cones for texture fungiform - mushroom shaped foliate - folds on back/sides circumvallate - flat mounds at back
43
role of saliva
take tastes into taste bud
44
where are receptor sites for taste
at the tip of receptor cells
45
what are the neural pathways for transmitting taste info to the brain
receptor cells send info through the 7th 9th and 10th cranium nerves which connect to the nucleus of the solitary tract in spinal cord, then travel to thalamus (relay) then the insula and frontal operculum cortex (frontal lobe)
46
what do olfactory receptor neurons do
in the olfactory mucosa which connect to axons that converge at the glomerulus in the olfactory nerve
47
what are the olfactory mucosa and the olfactory bulb
m - mucus membrane that have cilia, at the roof of the nasal sinus b - base of the brain which have neural circuits to process smells - receive info from the axons of ofcs
48
where do taste and smell converge
at the orbital frontal cortex
49
what does the Ruffini cylinder and Pacinian corpuscle do? (somatosenses)
are mechanoreceptors R - fires continuously to stimulation and is associated with stretching of the skin P - fires in application and removal - associated with sensing vibrations
50
what do Merkel receptors and the Meissner corpuscle do? (somatosenses)
are mechanoreceptors closer to the skin Merkel - fire continuously when stimuli is present and senses fine detail Meissner - when applied and removed - responsible for hand grip
51
what does the dermis have
mechanoreceptors
52
how to measure sensory discriminations
use two point thresholds and grating acuity (detecting horizontal and vertical orientation
53
merkel receptors in fingertips
densely packed like fovea density is correlated with scores on threshold and grating acuity activities
54
why is the vestibular system important
need it for coordination, gestures and body sense - cannot have unconscious movement without it
55
role of proprioception and its sensory nerve endings within the body
there are sensory nerve ending in internal organs, joints, muscles and tendons - these prevent strain have specialised receptors like muscle spindles that respond to movement/angles
56
how do receptors reach the brain in our internal senses
specialised receptors such as muscle spindles transduce signals and reach the brain through the PNS - touch goes through dorsal root - spinal cord - thalamus relays into somatosensory cortex
57
what is the cutaneous sense
response to stimuli involving the skin has free nerve endings and mechanoreceptors
58
explain the oblique effect
people see vertical or horizontal lines best used to study stimulus-behaviour: grating acuity on stripes stimulus-phys - brain response p-b - could detect h/v and lower contrasts - more sensitive seen in fMRI
59
what do agonist drugs do
increate NT action - bind to autoreceptors to stop inhibitory effect, block deactivation or bind to post-synaptic receptor to activate/increase effect
60
what do antagonist drugs do
block nt function - may be production, release, deplete vesicles, activate autoreceptors or bind to post synaptic to block binding
61
how L-dopa effects parkinsons
increases dopamine levels to stop shaking
62
what is myopia (vision)
short-sighted lens and cornea have too much power - focus falls short of the retina and to much bending of the cornea fix by lens to make image appear closer
63
what is presbyopia (vision)
long-sighted - age related when lens harden and ciliary muscles decrease
64
hyperopia
focus points is behind the retina, is also far-sighted but due to a short eyeball constant accommodation causes strain and headaches
65
macular degeneration vs retinisis pigmentosa
m - fovea and surrounding is destroyed causing blind spot centre r - degeneration of the retina - first peripheral then closing in
66
how does light enter the eye
through the transparent cornea, pupil and then lens. amount of light controlled by iris causing pupil to contract or dilate
67
what is the dark adaptation curve
1-4 mins - rod-cone break and levels off after 10 mins after 20-30 mins increases again and reaches max rod sensitivity
68
what is weber's law
the just noticeable difference of a stimulus remains constant proportion despite intensity
69
what is signal detection theory
the response to a stimulus depends on a person's sensitivity to a stimulus in the presence of noise and their own criterion
70
lateral inhibition
Lateral inhibition disables the spreading of action potentials from excited neurons to neighboring neurons in the lateral direction. This creates a contrast in stimulation that allows increased sensory perception.
71
ventral vs dorsal stream
ventral - shape and identity dorsal - location and motion (parietal)
72
option flow
perceived motion of objects
73

peception PSY1005 (3 decks)

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