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peception PSY1005 > problem areas > Flashcards

problem areas Flashcards

1
Q

what is protanopia

A

no L cones - meaning red green colour blindness when red cones are absent

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2
Q

what is deuteranopia

A

no M cones - green cones are absent and is green red colour blind

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3
Q

what is tritanopia

A

no S cones - the rarest form and is blue yellow colour blindness as there’s no cones for blue

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4
Q

what do X chromosomes code for in colour vision

A

code for S and M cones - is recessive which is why men are more likely to have colour blindness

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5
Q

what is acromatopsia

A

colour blindness and deficiency due to cortical injury

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6
Q

what is monochromatism

A

having rods not cones - causes black white and grey vision and are sensitive to light

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7
Q

what is the principal of univariance- vision

A

individual cones are colour blind and the absorption of light by the photo pigment in the receptor always causes the same isomeration no matter the wavelength - any photoreceptor type, wavelength and light intensity are interchangeable

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8
Q

phototransduction in receptors - vision using photoreceptors

A

photoreceptors contain retinal and opsin - retinal changes shape via isomerisation and initiates chemical reaction. this signals are conveyed through bipolar cells to ganglion and leave via optic nerve

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9
Q

what are pictorial cues?

A

form of monocular, learned cues. these include occlusion, cast shadows, relative size, texture gradient, atmospheric perspective and perspective convergence

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10
Q

occlusion (cue)

A

when an object is partially hidden behind another, the one behind is further away

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11
Q

cast shadows as a cue

A

shadows made give info about location in depth, but mainly give us info on 3d shapes

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12
Q

relative size

A

for objects that are the same size, the one that’s smaller must be further away

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13
Q

texture gradient- visual cue

A

small objects are further away - texture elements can be manipulated to show size and spacing

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14
Q

atmospheric perspective -vision

A

when objects are viewed through impurities like fog and dust cause distant objects to become blurred - objects further away have less defined shapes

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15
Q

what function does motion perception serve in social perception?

A

detecting emotion

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16
Q

how does the visual system encode information about motion

A

by subtracting eye and head movements

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17
Q

what is apparent motion

A

perceiving movement as a result of alternating signals appearing quickly from one location to another

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18
Q

explain the waterfall illusion

A

is a motion after effect when motion sensitive receptors are connected to motion-detector cells which code motion in opposite direction. cells fatigue when adapting to one direction and so the opposing sensor takes over

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19
Q

saccadic eye movements

A

snapshot of the world by moving fovea to object of interest, quickly and accurately

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20
Q

VOR eye movements

A

keep image of the world stationary when we move out head

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21
Q

pursuit

A

following object using fovea and is involuntary

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22
Q

vergence movements

A

pointing both fovea at an object preventing double vision, and the eyes rotate in opposite direction

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23
Q

kinetic depth

A

when a 3 object rotates some points move faster across the retina than others

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24
Q

outflow theory

A

outward (efferent) signals move the eye muscle, signal is copied to a comparator and this is compared with retinal movement

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25
Q

what is the reichcart detector

A

neural circuits explain motion perception with a still eye. signals are sent to output bits which compare signals sent by a and b neurones - multiple responses are recorded which create the movement signal

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26
Q

corollary discharge theory

A

stops scenes from blurring when we move our eyes by distinguishing between image displacement signal and motor signal

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27
Q

features of neurons the the primary visual cortex

A

they rarely respond to spots of light, respond to elongated contours, are orientation selective and have orientation neurons. the V1 also contains simple cells

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28
Q

complex cortical cells

A

respond best to movements of correctly orientated bars

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29
Q

features of the lateral geniculate nucleus

A

has 6 layers, the top 4 being parvocellular (small cell transfer) and the bottom two being magnocellular (large cell transfer)

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30
Q

purpose of the lateral geniculate nucleus

A

separate visual fields
applies stored knowledge such as size constancy

31
Q

role of receptive fields and why they are important

A

influence firing rate
are feature detectors
have excitatory and inhibitory regions

32
Q

where does visual information travel after retinal ganglion cells

A

LGN - optic nerve - occipital lobe - v1 - temporal - parietal - frontal lobe

33
Q

the role of cortical neurones as feature detectors

A

they pull the responses of previous receptive fields of neurons and are important or processing and analysis

34
Q

colour perception- representation and receptive fields

A

colour is represented by comparing S M and L cones and neurones are opponent cells such as red green

35
Q

what is retinotopic mapping

A

mapping the retina and specific points are preserved in the lgn
allows spatial representation

36
Q

fundamental frequency

A

the repetition of waves

37
Q

what do middle ear ossicles do

A

amplify sound waves for better transmission to the cochlear

38
Q

what does the cochlear do

A

transduces sound waves and frequencies hit different part of the basilar membrane - place coding

39
Q

what is a tonotopic map

A

where different frequencies hit different location in the basilar membrane

40
Q

transduction in the ear

A

by the basilar membrane and the organ of corti which have cilia
when sound travels through hair cells create electrical responses - action potentials and depolarisation due to ion flow
APs are sent from auditory nerve to cortex

41
Q

what are papillae and what do they do

A

form the surface of the tongue
each one has 50-100 taste cells that connect to axons
detect taste and texture

42
Q

what are the 4 types of papillae

A

filiform - cones for texture
fungiform - mushroom shaped
foliate - folds on back/sides
circumvallate - flat mounds at back

43
Q

role of saliva

A

take tastes into taste bud

44
Q

where are receptor sites for taste

A

at the tip of receptor cells

45
Q

what are the neural pathways for transmitting taste info to the brain

A

receptor cells send info through the 7th 9th and 10th cranium nerves which connect to the nucleus of the solitary tract in spinal cord, then travel to thalamus (relay) then the insula and frontal operculum cortex (frontal lobe)

46
Q

what do olfactory receptor neurons do

A

in the olfactory mucosa which connect to axons that converge at the glomerulus in the olfactory nerve

47
Q

what are the olfactory mucosa and the olfactory bulb

A

m - mucus membrane that have cilia, at the roof of the nasal sinus
b - base of the brain which have neural circuits to process smells - receive info from the axons of ofcs

48
Q

where do taste and smell converge

A

at the orbital frontal cortex

49
Q

what does the Ruffini cylinder and Pacinian corpuscle do? (somatosenses)

A

are mechanoreceptors
R - fires continuously to stimulation and is associated with stretching of the skin
P - fires in application and removal - associated with sensing vibrations

50
Q

what do Merkel receptors and the Meissner corpuscle do? (somatosenses)

A

are mechanoreceptors closer to the skin
Merkel - fire continuously when stimuli is present and senses fine detail
Meissner - when applied and removed - responsible for hand grip

51
Q

what does the dermis have

A

mechanoreceptors

52
Q

how to measure sensory discriminations

A

use two point thresholds and grating acuity (detecting horizontal and vertical orientation

53
Q

merkel receptors in fingertips

A

densely packed like fovea
density is correlated with scores on threshold and grating acuity activities

54
Q

why is the vestibular system important

A

need it for coordination, gestures and body sense - cannot have unconscious movement without it

55
Q

role of proprioception and its sensory nerve endings within the body

A

there are sensory nerve ending in internal organs, joints, muscles and tendons - these prevent strain
have specialised receptors like muscle spindles that respond to movement/angles

56
Q

how do receptors reach the brain in our internal senses

A

specialised receptors such as muscle spindles transduce signals and reach the brain through the PNS - touch goes through dorsal root - spinal cord - thalamus relays into somatosensory cortex

57
Q

what is the cutaneous sense

A

response to stimuli involving the skin
has free nerve endings and mechanoreceptors

58
Q

explain the oblique effect

A

people see vertical or horizontal lines best
used to study stimulus-behaviour: grating acuity on stripes
stimulus-phys - brain response
p-b - could detect h/v and lower contrasts - more sensitive seen in fMRI

59
Q

what do agonist drugs do

A

increate NT action - bind to autoreceptors to stop inhibitory effect, block deactivation or bind to post-synaptic receptor to activate/increase effect

60
Q

what do antagonist drugs do

A

block nt function - may be production, release, deplete vesicles, activate autoreceptors or bind to post synaptic to block binding

61
Q

how L-dopa effects parkinsons

A

increases dopamine levels to stop shaking

62
Q

what is myopia (vision)

A

short-sighted
lens and cornea have too much power - focus falls short of the retina and to much bending of the cornea
fix by lens to make image appear closer

63
Q

what is presbyopia (vision)

A

long-sighted - age related
when lens harden and ciliary muscles decrease

64
Q

hyperopia

A

focus points is behind the retina, is also far-sighted but due to a short eyeball
constant accommodation causes strain and headaches

65
Q

macular degeneration vs retinisis pigmentosa

A

m - fovea and surrounding is destroyed causing blind spot centre
r - degeneration of the retina - first peripheral then closing in

66
Q

how does light enter the eye

A

through the transparent cornea, pupil and then lens. amount of light controlled by iris causing pupil to contract or dilate

67
Q

what is the dark adaptation curve

A

1-4 mins - rod-cone break and levels off after 10 mins
after 20-30 mins increases again and reaches max rod sensitivity

68
Q

what is weber’s law

A

the just noticeable difference of a stimulus remains constant proportion despite intensity

69
Q

what is signal detection theory

A

the response to a stimulus depends on a person’s sensitivity to a stimulus in the presence of noise and their own criterion

70
Q

lateral inhibition

A

Lateral inhibition disables the spreading of action potentials from excited neurons to neighboring neurons in the lateral direction. This creates a contrast in stimulation that allows increased sensory perception.

71
Q

ventral vs dorsal stream

A

ventral - shape and identity
dorsal - location and motion (parietal)

72
Q

option flow

A

perceived motion of objects

73
Q
A

peception PSY1005 (3 decks)

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