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Perception > Problem 8 > Flashcards

Problem 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Auditory space

A

Sounds of different locations

–> exists all around

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2
Q

Auditory localization

A

Locating of sound sources in auditory space

–> sounds stimulate the cochlea based on their sound frequencies, which causes a pattern of nerve firing

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3
Q

Localization cues

A

a) binaural cues

b) monaural cues

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4
Q

Azimuth/

Horizontal

A

Dimension that extends from left to right

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5
Q

Elevation/

Vertical

A

Dimension that extends up and down

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6
Q

Distance

A

Distance of the sound source to the listener

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7
Q

Binaural cues

A

Use information reaching both ears to determine the azimuth of sounds

–> sounds that are of to the side, reach one ear faster and is therefore louder there

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8
Q

Inter aural time difference

ITD

A

Difference between WHEN a sound reaches the left ear + when it reaches the right one

  • -> ITD locates low frequencies
  • -> judge the azimuth
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9
Q

Inter aural level difference

ILD

A

Difference in the SOUND PRESSURE level/ the level of sound reaching the two ears

  • -> ILD locates high frequencies
  • -> judge the azimuth
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10
Q

Acoustic shadow

A

Refers to the head being a barrier

–> reduces the intensity of high frequency sounds that reach the far ear

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11
Q

Cone of confusion

A

Points on this cone have the same ILD + ITD

–> thus, ITD + ILD provide ambiguous info about the elevation of a sound source

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12
Q

Monaural cues

A

Use information of only one ear to determine the elevation of sounds

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13
Q

Spectral cue

A

Primary monaural cue

–> info for localization is contained in the differences in the distribution of frequencies that reach each ear

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14
Q

Why are there differences in frequency distribution reaching each ear ?

A

Because before the sound enters the auditory canal, it is reflected from the head + within the various folds of pinnae

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15
Q

Jefress Model of auditory localization

A

Neurons are wired so they each receive signals from the 2 ears

–> at the beginning neurons only receive signals from either ear, if signals then reach a neuron together it will fire

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16
Q

Coincidence neurons

A

Neurons that only fire when both signals coincide by arriving at the neuron simultaneously

–> each neuron responds best to a specific ITD

—> presented in the superior + inferior colliculei

17
Q

Binaural localization

A

Based on

a) sharply tuned neurons for birds
b) broadly tuned neurons for mammals

18
Q

Place code

A

ITD is indicated by the firing of neurons at a specific place

–> code for birds

19
Q

Distributed code

A

ITD is determined by the firing of many broadly tuned neurons working together

–> code for mammals

=> broadly tuned neurons in the right hemisphere respond best to sound coming from the left and vice versa

20
Q

Which cortical areas provide information about the location of sound sources ?

A
  • A1 area to a small extent

- Neurons in the belt area provide most precise + detailed info

21
Q

Auditory what pathway

A

Starts in the anterior part of the core + belt

  • -> extends to the prefrontal cortex
  • -> responsible for identifying sounds
22
Q

Auditory where pathway

A

Starts in the posterior part of the core + belt

  • -> extends into the prefrontal cortex
  • -> responsible for locating sounds
23
Q

Direct sound

A

Sound reaching the ears directly from where it originated

24
Q

Indirect sound

A

Sound reaching the ears from different locations

25
Q

Precedence effect

A

We generally perceive sound as coming from its source, rather than from many different directions at once

26
Q

Reverberation time

A

The time it takes for a sound to decrease to 1/1000th of its original pressure

–> it this time is too long it may echo, which is difficult to localize

27
Q

Auditory scene

A

Array of sound sources at different locations in the environment

28
Q

Which cues help separating sound sources ?

A

a) location cue

b) onset time
- -> if 2 sounds start at slightly different times, they’re from diff. locations

c) Pitch + timbre
- -> sounds having same pitch have same location

d) Auditory continuity
e) melody schema
f) pitch proximity

29
Q

Melody schema

A

Representation of a familiar melody that is stored in a persons memory

30
Q

Auditory continuity

A

Sounds with the same frequency or smoothly changing frequencies are perceived as continuous

–> even when they are interrupted by a different stimulus

31
Q

Signal transmission from cochlea to the parabelt area

A

–> Signals are transmitted out of the cochlea toward the auditory receiving area by synapsing in

  1. cochlear nucleus
  2. Superior Olivary Nucleus
  3. Inferior Colliculus
  4. Medial Geniculate Nucleus
    (SONIC MG)
  5. auditory receiving area

–> Signals then travel to

a) core area
b) belt area
c) parabelt area

32
Q

Auditory scene analysis

A

Process by which the stimuli produced by each of the sources in the scene are separated

33
Q

Scale illusion

A

The idea that if you present tones to each ear that jump up and down you will perceive them as smooth

34
Q

Harmonicity

A

Grouping based on harmonical relationships to the fundamental

–> if you’ve a fundamental with harmonics that are close together you are more likely to group them together

35
Q

Pitch proximity

A

The hearer tends to link successive tones that are close in pitch and to separate those that are further apart

–> particularly salient when presented at rapid speed

36
Q

Franssen effect

A

When a loudspeaker presents a tone of abrupt onset, brief duration and another presents a tone of long duration, the listener will perceive the two tones as a single entity coming from the speaker that produces the abrupt tone

–> incorrect localization of a sound

37
Q

Conductive hearing loss

A

Damage to outer or middle ear

–> hearing aid is needed

38
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

Damage to hair cells and/or auditory nerves

  • -> cochlear implant
  • -> auditory stem implant
39
Q

Hidden hearing loss

A

Difficulty concentrating on a sound when background noise is present

–> most prevalent in adolescents

Perception (9 decks)

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