Problem 6

Question 1

Broken window theory

Answer 1

States that visible signs of crime, anti-social behavior, and civil disorder create an urban environment that encourages further crime and disorder.

–> a car, left abandoned, was destroyed by vandals within minutes

THUS: this only happens in neighborhoods where the people do not care for their homes

Question 2

Executive functioning

Answer 2

Refers to higher order cognitive processes, which include dynamic decision making, attending etc

–> necessary for prosocial behavior

Question 3

General theory of crime

(Gottfredson + Hirschi)

Answer 3

Suggests that low self-control is the single most important predictor of crime

Question 4

Prisonization

Answer 4

Refers to the process of socialization in a prison setting

–> prisoners develop coping mechanisms to adapt to the informal “code” practiced in prison

Question 5

Negative effects of incarceration appear to be enduring and widespread.

Name the most significant ones.

Answer 5

1. Cognitive decline

–> e.g. executive functioning

2. Emotional flattening

3. Psychological distress

4. Self isolation

5. Violence

Question 6

Which factors will impact a prisoners personal safety when incarcerated?

Answer 6

1. Criminal record

2. Age, gender, race

3. Mental health

–> young inmates with mental health problems may be perceived as vulnerable, thus easy targets for victimization

Question 7

Mindfulness

Answer 7

Involves 2 components

1. the self-regulation of attention

2. detached self-observation of the present moment in a nonjudgmental + accepting way

–> therapy can lead to improved self-regulation through its focus on self-awareness, attentional control + emotion regulation

Question 8

Hot spots policing

(Policing strategy)

Answer 8

Involves police targeting a sizable proportion of citywide crime by focusing on a small number of high crime places

–> shows significant positive results

Question 9

What should police be doing at crime hot spots ?

Answer 9

There are no specific instructions as to what to do but several strategies have been shown to be effective such as

1. increasing patrol time in the treatment hot spots alone increases survival time immensely

–> Koper curve

2. Situational prevention strategies

3. Increases in misdemeanor arrests

4. Having officers incorporate principles from problem-oriented policing (POP)

Question 10

Koper curve

Answer 10

Indicates the duration response curve that shows the benefits of increased officer-time spent in a hot spot until a plateau time is reached

–> ideal time is 14-15 min

Question 11

Situational prevention strategies

Answer 11

Refer to measures that make it harder for criminals to commit crimes such as

1. increasing the effort the offender must make to commit the crime

2. increasing the risks the offender must face in completing the crime

3. reducing the rewards or benefits the offender expects to obtain from the crime

4. removing excuses that offenders may use to justify their actions

–> most effective

Question 12

Potential negative consequences of hot spot policing?

Answer 12

Lower citizen perceptions of police legitimacy

–> increased police presence and aggressive tactics may be viewed as unfair

THUS: it is important to involve the community

Question 13

Problem oriented policing (POP)

Answer 13

Refers to a policing strategy that involves the identification and analysis of specific crime and disorder problems, in order to develop effective response strategies

Question 14

Risk-needs-repsonsivity model (RNR)

Answer 14

Suggests that police should direct their resources at the highest risk clients primarily, thus chronic crime hotspots

–> this means that one has to systematically assess the conditions of each hot spot to better tailor intervention approaches

Question 15

SARA

Answer 15

Represents 4 steps police should follow when implementing POP

1. Scanning

–> identifying + prioritizing potential problems

2. Analysis

3. Response

–> developing + implementing interventions

4. Assessment

–> assessing whether the response worked

Question 16

Operation Ceasefire

(Focused deterrence approach)

Answer 16

Involves notifying gangs that violence would no longer be tolerated and if violence did occur, every available legal lever would be pulled to bring an immediate and certain response

Question 17

“Pulling lever” policing/ Focused deterrence strategies

Answer 17

Is a subgroup of POP intervention that target specific criminal behavior committed by a small number of chronic offenders who are vulnerable to sanctions and punishment.

ex.: gangs, active criminals

Question 18

Directed patrolling

Answer 18

Adding visible patrols where more crime is expected like hot spots so would-be criminals will be deterred by seeing police patrols

–> used to prevent gun violence

Question 19

Procedural justice includes 4 components.

Name them.

Answer 19

1. Citizens need to participate in the decision process

–> given a choice

2. Neutrality

–> situation is deemed fair when officers are transparent about why they are resolving a dispute in a particular way

3. Treating citizens with dignity and respect

4. Citizens will view a situation as fair when they trust the motives of the police

Question 20

What should police NOT be doing in order to prevent crime?

Answer 20

Using the standard model of policing

1. Random preventive patrol
2. Rapid Response to 911 calls
3. General reactive arrest policies

–> aggressive order maintenance strategies are not helpful

Question 21

Random preventive control

(Standard model of policing)

Answer 21

Refers to the random distribution of police resources across large geographic areas

–> should rather do this focused like hot spot policing

Question 22

General reactive arrest strategy

Answer 22

Making arrests after a crime has already been committed

–> more important to focus on high risk offenders + high risk places

Question 23

Broken windows policing

Answer 23

Targets minor crimes to help create an atmosphere of order and lawfulness, thereby preventing more serious crimes

–> thus focusing on bringing order into the disorder

Question 24

What could be an important priority for post release policy action?

Answer 24

Proper reintegration into the community including

1. Housing
2. Postrelease employment
3. Health insurance
4. Drug + mental health treatment

–> this greatly reduces recidivism, drug use and crime

Question 25

Community-oriented policing

(COP)

Answer 25

Refers to a philosophy of policing that emphasizes community involvement in crime prevention efforts

–> may increase citizen satisfaction and trust in the police

Question 26

Since COP intends to be a different crime-fighting toolkit, does it reduce crime rates ?

Answer 26

No, it has no effect on crime

–> because there are no clear instructions as to how it should be implemented and even reduce crime

BUT: it significantly improves perceptions on police legitimacy and thus trust in the police

Question 27

Is it beneficial for police to be paying attention to social + physical disorder when seeking to reduce more serious crimes in neighborhoods?

Answer 27

Yes,

Disorder policing strategies (Broken windows policing) generate noteworthy crime control gains

–> consistent crime reduction effects

Question 28

Re-imprisonment effect

Answer 28

Refers to the “revolving door” of prison where imprisonment causally leads to re-imprisonment

1. being sentenced to prison increases your probability of re-imprisonment by almost 20%
2. these consequences are 5 times more severe for blacks than for whites

Question 29

Collective efficiency

Answer 29

Refers to the ability of community members to control the behavior of individuals and groups in the community to create a safe and orderly environment.

e.g. residents monitoring children playing in public areas, confronting individuals who exploit or disturb public spaces etc.

–> underlying mechanism of broken windows theory, similar to informal social control aka karens doing their thing

Question 30

Which methods does the Netherlands use when it comes to rehabilitation.

Answer 30

Involve the criminals early in the process of rehabilitation already when in prison

ex.: pay for tv, go to work where prison is similar to real life society

–> recidivism is lowered by 37%

Question 31

Models of rehabilitation

Answer 31

1. Risk-needs-responsivity model
2. Good life model
3. Restorative justice

Question 32

Just(ice) desert theory

Answer 32

Suggests that the punishment should fit the crime

Question 33

Deterrent theory

Answer 33

The harder the punishment the less recidivism will occur

–> the more will criminals “deter” from repeating their mistakes

Question 34

Differential association learning theory

Answer 34

Criminal behavior is learned through interaction with others

–> prison is the cause of more criminal behavior

e.g. social learning theory

Question 35

Control theory

Answer 35

Individuals have natural tendencies for criminal behavior

Question 36

Labeling theory

Answer 36

Being labeled as a criminal will lead to stigmatization and thus increase crime

Question 37

Good life model

Answer 37

Involves assisting offenders to obtain their goals while still managing their risks for future offending

–> taking their values and goals seriously

Question 38

Restorative justice

Answer 38

Puts emphasis on repairing the harm caused by the crime and ‘restoring’ harmony as much as possible between offender, victim/survivor and society.

–> not simply punishing the offenders which significantly helps reducing recidivism

Question 39

What is the difference between restorative justice and rehabilitation ?

Answer 39

Restorative

–> focuses on communities, and relationship between offender and them; most popular even though it is not really effective

Rehabilitation

–> focuses on the individuals resocialization into society