Problem 5 Flashcards
Vicarious reinforcement
Learning by observation of behavior and consequences
reciprocal determinism
environment, behavior and cognition mutually influence each other
Expectancy theory
The more positive expectancies - the more you want to try it
the more negative expectancies - the less you want to try it
OE do predict substance use: with 25-50%
OE predict future use with 10%
OE predicts controlling for drinking history with 1%
social learning theories: r- o expectancies determine behavior.
Dual process model
Explicit (reflection) vs. Implicit (impulsive) system –> dual proces model says that behavior is determined by these two different processes.
Based on learned experiences you have a network in memories of things that related to each other.
reflective system: knowledge, reasoning, decision making –> based on rules, symbolic, direct measurement. Responsible for executive functions. It is assumed that the operations of the reflective system are dependent on control resources –> May be crucial for the symbolic representation of both deliberate evaluations that bring about ‘reasoned action’ and standards to restrain behavior in accordance with one’s self-control goals.
Impulsive system: associative network –> automatic, indirect measurement. They are independent of whether a person consciously endorse or rejects the implication of an associative link.
Moderators will determine which of above systems will win.
(in addition to dual models) self-control outcomes can be predicted by:
The 2 systems and their underlying predictors:
- Reflective precursors: refer to cognitive and motivational factors that influence the functioning of the reflective system. These include things like the executive functions, motivation and self-regulatory strategies. The framework suggest that persons who are high in reflective precursors are better able to engage in reflective processes that support self-control, such as getting goals, monitoring progress and adjusting behavior in response to feedback.
- Impulsive precursors: refer to affective and automatic factors that influence the functioning of the impulsive system. These include things like emotional reactivity, habit strength, and attentional bias. The framework suggest that persons who are high in impulsive precursors may be more vulnerable to impulsive processes that undermine self-control, such as automatic habits or emotional reactions to tempting stimuli.
Overall this framework suggest that self-control outcomes depend on the interplay between reflective and impulsive precursors, with individuals who are high in reflective precursors and low in impulsive precursors being more likely to achieve successful self-control outcomes.
within this system, there are 2 sets of executive functions: cool and hot
cool - basic working memory operations such as the maintenance and updating of relevant information, inhibition of prepotent impulses and mental set shifting.
Hot - involved in triggering somatic states from memories, knowledge, cognition, which allow to activate numerous affective/emotional responses that conflict with each other.
Mediators in the model
The insula –> the mediator between situational moderates (with environment) and dispositional moderators (personal, higher working memory).
It intensifies motivation or weakens control: it has been argues that the homeostatic imbalance associated with certain psychological states (e.g. anxiety and stress) sends interoceptive signals that are received by the insulation, which in turn exert influence on other neural systems
MODE-model
Behavior will always be influenced by automatic processes
- controlled processes: need time, depends on motivation and opportunity.
automatic and controlled processes
controlled processes
rational decision-making –> directly able to report
it is suggested that controlled processes such as AOE and RFD (reasons for drinking) are important determinants of the initiation into drinking among youth, but they may play a more limited role in alcohol use among adults.
Automatic processes
implicit memory associations, action tendencies and attentional bias.
Heavy alcohol consumptions and alcohol problems are associated with attentional bias for alcohol-related cues: such cues tend to capture the attention in heavy drinkers. results obtained from this task demonstrate that heavy drinkers, but not light drinkers, are faster to respond to probes that appear in the location of alcohol-related pictures compared to probes that appear in the location of control pictures, which suggest that heavy drinkers direct their spatial attention towards the location of the alcohol pictures.
attentional bias for alcohol-related cues is reliably associated with heavy drinking, and recent studies suggest it may predict future alcohol use
Executive dysfunction and ‘impulsivity’
Executive function –> a broad set of cognitive abilities that relate to goal-directed behavior, including shifting from one environmental contingency to another, updating of working memory in response to environmental changes and the suppression of inappropriate behavioral responses.
in addicts:
- higher rate of impulsivity
- higer rate of delayed discounting
- an executive dysfunction
Treatment
boundary conditions
(control mechanisms) –> specifically important for the reflective system
Situational factors (in the situation something might cause your capacity to be lowered) - do fluctuate over time
- cognitive capacity
- cognitive load, stress, fatigue, ego depletion
Dispositional factors (doesn’t fluctuate over time)
- executive functions
- some have a better working memory, better to regulate effect, response inhibition.
Ego depletion
situational moderator (uitputting van het ik)
self-control on preceding task reduces control resources on subsequent task.
- Self-control works the first time, but the 100th time it doesn’t work anymore.
inhibitory control
It involves controlling our automatic urges (attention, behavior, thoughts and emotions).
baseline activation in the prefrontal cortex –> positivity associated with inhibitory control
more resting alpha1 activity means less activation, less inhibitory control.
low resting alpha1 means lots of inhibitory control,
if they are not able to inhibit that well, less PFC activation.
ppl with addiction have weaker PFC and weaker EF
dual process vs. disease model
brain disease model and dual process model are actually very much related, they simply either focus on the brain changes or the cognitive processes that are involved
