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Action > Problem 1 > Flashcards

Problem 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Extrastirate cortex is composed of … ?

A

2 segregated but interacting parallel processing streams

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2
Q

MT

A

Specialized for processing motion + depth

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3
Q

Traditional view of the action pathways?

A

Comprised of

  1. dorsal (where/how pathway)

vs

  1. ventral (what pathway)
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4
Q

Dorsal stream

A

Mediates navigation + the visual control of skilled actions directed at objects in the visual world

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5
Q

Ventral stream

A

Transforms visual inputs into representations that embody the enduring characteristics of objects + their spatial relationships

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6
Q

Dorsal stream lesions affect … ?

A

… 1. smooth pursuit eye movements

  1. Acura of goal directed arm movements
  2. speed discriminations
  3. complex mtotion perception
  4. Accruate encoding of visual space
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7
Q

Theory of independent visual-motor channels

A

Hypothesizes that reach-to-grasp movements require independent coding of different object properties

e.g. location, size, orientation etc

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8
Q

What does the newer view on action pathways consist ?

A

Dorsal stream should be subdivided into 2 sub circuits

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9
Q

Multiple parallel parieto-premotor circuits

A

They refer to the parallel running dorsal and ventral subcircuits/pathways in the dorsal system

–> dorso-dorsal + ventro-dorsal pathway

AND: maintain segregation until frontal cortex

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10
Q

What is the function of the dorso-dorsal pathway ?

Grasp-system

A

Controlling ones actions while they are on-going (“online”)

–> e.g. grasping something based on current visual info

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11
Q

What is the function of the ventral-dorsal pathway ?

Use-system

A
  1. Space perception
  2. Maintaining knowledge of particular skilled actions
    associated with familiar objects
  3. Action understanding
    - -> recognizing + understanding the actions that were made by other
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12
Q

The dorsal + ventral streams clearly make up 2 relatively separate circuits.

Does that mean that the anatomical segregation between the 2 is absolute ?

A

No.

There is clear evidence of cross-talk between the streams

–> most connections from the V stream reach the ventral part of the D stream

THUS: VD stream constitutes an interface btw the ventral + dorsal streams of visual info processing

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13
Q

How do the sub streams thus interact ?

A

They both process the same set of visual attributes but for different behavioral goals

–> everyday actions require precise coordination between the systems

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14
Q

Lesions to the dorso-dorsal stream lead to … ?

A

Optic ataxia, where patients lose the ability to complete visually guided reaching tasks

–> reaching + grasping a target object with your hand arm/targeted arm movement

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15
Q

Lesions to the ventro-dorsal stream lead to … ?

A

Ideomotor/Limb Apraxia

  1. Deficits in object -related actions, meaning difficulty performing a motor task
  2. Especially without direct visual control, despite intact sensory, motor + language functions
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16
Q

The left lateralized system is crucial in making … ?

A

… correct inferences about the function of an object from its structure

–> tool use - knowing a calculator can do maths

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17
Q

Bilateral system

A

Specialized for online actions directed at currently visible stimuli on the basis of their structure

–> primarily subserved by a dorso-dorsal system

18
Q

Left-lateralized system

A

Devoted to skilled, functional object-related actions

–> mediated by inferior venture-dorsal stream

e.g. tool use

19
Q

Respondent behavior

A

Responding to an external stimulus

e.g. food is presented, eat it

20
Q

Operant behavior

A

Operating on the environment by being or not being rewarded

e.g. dog coming up voluntarily - then getting a scratch on the back

21
Q

Difference between respondent vs operant behavior ?

A

Respondent
–> externally triggered behavior

Operant
–> self-initiated behavior

22
Q

How does operant behavior (self-initiated) show on a neuronal level ?

A

Neurons in

  1. Supplementary motor cortex (SMA + pre SMA)
  2. Lateral pre motor cortex

–> most crucial + firing in SMA, CMA - lateral does not have a big effect

23
Q

It has been established that the same areas become activated when movement is externally triggered as when self-initiated.

How come ?

A

Activation in these areas are not confined to self initiated movements

BUT: activation in the pre SMA + SMA starts earlier when the movements is operant (

24
Q

The role of the ACC in behavioral responding ?

A

It has cells that fire when an action is NOT followed by the expected reward

–> so an alternative action must be performed on the next trial

BUT: do not fire if there is an external cure that specifies the shift in responding

25
Q

Function of the paracingulate cortex

A

Evaluation of ones own performance

26
Q

Function of the medial frontal cortex/surface ?

A

Integrating info about our actions + internal state

  1. Self generated voluntary behavior
  2. Monitoring ones own performance

–> meaning the association of goals with actions, actions with outcomes

27
Q

Object affordances

A

Involves reacting to changing situations in our dynamic environment

–> most linked to grasp system

28
Q

Object affordances are important for 2 reasons.

Name them.

A
  1. Demonstrates the close connection between perception and action
  2. Provides an understanding of the importance of variability and context
29
Q

Lesion to supplementary eye field (SEF) will lead to … ?

A

Deficits in voluntary eye movement control

30
Q

Lesions to pre-SMA + SMA will lead to … ?

A

Deficitis in self-initiation oof movement

BUT: not when guided by sensory cues

31
Q

When do unwanted movement plans occur ?

A

Established condition-action associations may cause automatic subconscious motor activation

–> even if the individual does not want to move in that particular way

AND: activations occur in SMA

32
Q

What is the goal of the SUMNER study

A

Determining whether SMA + SEF contribute to voluntary control though automatic inhibition of unwanted motor plans

–> these are activated unconsciously by established condition-action associations

33
Q

Masked prime task

A
  1. Participnts repsond to stimuli associated to left or right responses
  2. Stimuli are preceded by primes which are tended invisible by backward mask
34
Q

Facilitatory priming

Masked prime task

A

Responding goes faster when the prime + target indicate the same response

35
Q

Negative compatibility effect - NCE

Maske prime task

A

Slower responding for compatible trails

–> since an automatic inhibitory mechanism surpasses the motor activation evoked by the prime

36
Q

Lesion to the medial PFC will lead to … ?

A

Alien hand syndrome that causes one hand to act on its own free will

–> the hand isn’t under the control of the mind and moves as though it has its own mind

37
Q

4 steps of Motor planning

A
  1. Brain perceiving surrounding environment
  2. Identifikation of the object
  3. Determining required response action
  4. Issuing of a motor command
38
Q

Motor planning

A

Refer to any processes related to preparation of movement that occurs during RT prior to movement onset

39
Q

Lateral intraparietal area

LIP

A

Contains salience map for spatial attention

–> reflects the location of visual target rather than saccade endpoint

40
Q

Default mode network

A

Is active when one is not engaged in a task

–> needs t be suppresses in order to attend to something + engage in a task

41
Q

Stable affordances

A

Things that don’t change

–> cup size or color

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