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evolution & genetics > problem 1 > Flashcards

problem 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

nucleus

A

membrane bound structure that contains the cells genes + controls cells growth + reproduction

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2
Q

genome

A

haploid set of chromosomes in a gamete, consists of all genetic information instruction of cell (all chromosomes together)

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3
Q

somatic cell

A

any cell of a living organism other than reproductive cells (skin cells,..)

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4
Q

germ cells

A

cells contain half the number of chromosomes (23), able to unite with one form of the opposite sex to form new a individual (gamete)

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5
Q

gametes

A

reproductive cells (haploid) that only carry one copy of each chromosome

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6
Q

chromosomes

A

thread like structure of nucleic acids + proteins carrying the genetic information (DNA) in form of genes

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7
Q

autosome

A

any chromosome that isn’t a sex chromosome

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8
Q

eukaryotic cell

A

cells with a nucleus enclosed with a membrane (e.g. mammals)

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9
Q

prokaryotic cell

A

cells that have no nucleus (DNA can be everywhere)

bacteria

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10
Q

mitosis (2n)

A

cell division that results in 2 daughter cells each having the same number + kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus (tissue growth)

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11
Q

meiosis (1n)

A

cell deviation that results in 4 daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell (production of gametes)

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12
Q

nucleotides

A

Building blocks of nucleic acids, composed of 3 subunit molecules (nitrogenous base, 5-carbon-sugar and 1 or more phosphate groups)
(A-T/U, G-C)

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13
Q

backbone

A

sugar (desoxiribose in DNA & ribose in RNA)

+ phosphate groups

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14
Q

forward stand

A

5’ –> 3’ (direction which polymerase goes)

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15
Q

reverse compliment stand

A

3’ –> 5’

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16
Q

helicase

A

Enzymes that “unpackage” an organisms genes (open up the DNA so it can duplicate)

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17
Q

DNA polymerase

A

Enzymes that synthesize DNA molecules

essential for DNA replication

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18
Q

introns

A

Non-coding part of the DNA that stay in the nucleus + are removed by spliceosomes

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19
Q

exons

A

Coding part of the DNA that exit the cell nucleus + gets translated into RNA + then encodes the amino acids at the ribosomes

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20
Q

transcription

A

First step of gene expression in which a particular segment (the exon) of DNA is copied into RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase

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21
Q

splicing

A

Editing of the precursor of mRNA (pre-mRNA / RNA) into mRNA with the removing of introns + the ligation (joining) of exons

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22
Q

translation

A

process in which ribosomes synthesize proteins with the help of tRNA that adds up the amino acids coded for by the mRNA

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23
Q

ribosomes

A

Molecular machine that serves protein synthesis, link amino acids together in the order specified by the mRNA
(translates mRNA with help of tRNA into amino acids)
(top + bottom part)

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24
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid, formed through transcription (does not have the nucleic acid thymine but instead uracil)

25
Q

mRNA

A

Messenger RNA, which only contains the exons + leaves the cell nucleus in order to travel to the ribosomes

26
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA that transports the amino acids and delivers them to the ribosomes when needed

27
Q

amino acids

A

organic compounds containing amine + carboxyl functioning groups, building blocks of proteins

28
Q

protein

A

made up of amino acids chain

29
Q

triplet/ codon

A

set of 3 adjacent nucleotides that as a group (triplet) code for one specific amino acid

30
Q

redundancy

A

situation in which a biochemical function (amino acid) is encoded by 2 or more different codons

31
Q

central dogma in genetics

A

Flow of genetic information within a biological system, which goes only in one direction + not the other: DNA makes RNA + RNA is transcripted into mRNA which makes (via translation) proteins

32
Q

pleiotropy

A

a gene has multiple effects

33
Q

polygenic trait

A

many genes contribute to a single effect

34
Q

polymorphism

A

the occurrence of more than one form in the same population of a species (variation/ mutation)

35
Q

DNA-methylation

A

process by which methyl groups are added to the DNA molecule –> can change the activity of a DNA segment without changing the sequence

36
Q

gene mutation

A

Permanent alteration in the DNA sequence such that it differs from what is found in most people, can differ in size (single base pair to large part of a chromosome/ multiple genes)

37
Q

frameshift

A

Mutation caused by the addition or deletion of one or more base pairs in the DNA of a gene resulting in a wrong translation of the genetic code + mutated proteins

38
Q

types of mutations

A 
point mutation
slippage
transposition
chromosomal mutations
mutagens
frameshift mutation
39
Q

point mutation

A

affecting only 1 or very few nucleotides in a gene sequence

40
Q

slippage

A

Mutation leading to trinucleotide or dinucleotide expansion or contraction during DNA replication. A slippage event normally occurs when a sequence of repetitive nucleotides is found at the site of replication

41
Q

transposition

A

chromosomal segment is transferred to a new position on the same or another chromosome

42
Q

synonymous mutation

A

Change in the DNA sequence that codes for amino acids in a protein sequence but does not change the encoded amino acid. Due to the redundancy of the genetic code

43
Q

non-synonymous mutation

A

Mutation that alters the amino acid sequence of a protein

44
Q

epigenetics

A

study of mechanisms that change gene expression by modifying DNA without modifying its sequence of bases, this change must be heritable

45
Q

methylation

A

Process by which methyl groups are added to the DNA molecule. Methylation can change the activity of a DNA segment without changing the sequence. When located in a gene promoter, DNA methylation typically acts to repress gene transcription

46
Q

histone modification

A

Covalent post-translational modification (PTM) to histone proteins which includes methylation and can impact gene expression by altering chromatin structure or recruiting histone modifiers

47
Q

genetic linkage

A

Tendency of DNA sequences that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited together during the meiosis phase of sexual reproduction

48
Q

recombination

A

Production of offspring with combinations of traits that differ from those found in either parent. In eukaryotes, genetic recombination during meiosis can lead to a novel set of genetic information that can be passed on from the parents to the offspring

49
Q

dominant genes

A

rule over others and that are (if present) expressed in the phenotype (capital letters A)

50
Q

recessive genes

A

overruled (small letters a)

51
Q

gaussian curve of human nature

A

Bell curve with “normal” + most common behaviour around the mean/ peak + extreme behaviours to the left + right ends

52
Q

nucleotide

A

Building blocks of nucleic acids, composed of 3 subunit molecules: nitrogenous base, five carbon sugar and (at least) one phosphate group

53
Q

codon

A

The nucleotide triplet that codes for an amino acid in Translation

54
Q

diploid cell

A

cell that has 2 sets of chromosomes (46) –> 2n

55
Q

haploid cell

A

cell that has 1 set of chromosomes (egg/ sperm cells) (23) –> 1n

56
Q

zygote

A

first cell of a new organism

57
Q

chromation

A

consists of DNA curled around histones

58
Q

genotype

A

Underlying genes which characteristics are not observable with mere eyes

59
Q

phenotype

A

expression of genotype –> observable with eyes

evolution & genetics (5 decks)

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