Probleem 3 - Language production and conversation Flashcards
Self-repairs
Corrections for which we spontaneously interrupt our speech. Consists of three parts:
- Self-interruption after detecting an error.
- Utter editing expressions; uh, uhm, sorry.
- Repair utterance.
Self-interruptions
Stopping after detecting an error in speech. Anticipations were more corrected than perseverations. The correction happened very shortly after the error»_space; 51% direct after error.
Editing expressions
Conveys to the listener the kind of trouble that the speaker is correcting.
- Uh = remembering
- Oh = guessing
- That is = specifying
- Rather = nuance
- I mean = real error
Uh is most used and in most languages, it is a symptom of trouble.
What are the different types of self-repairs?
- Instant repairs: Retracing back to error word, restating sentence again from that word on.
Ex. Again back to the same blank crossing point - white crossing point.
- Anticipatory retracings: The speaker retraces back to some point prior to the error.
Ex. And left to the purple crossing point - to the red crossing point.
- Fresh starts: Speaker drops the original structure and just starts over.
Ex. From yellow down to brown - no that’s red.
Conversations
Form of social interaction with its own rules and tactics. These ‘rules’ depend on cultural background. Conversations differ from other forms of speech interactions in the number of people and the degree to which, topics and turns are specified in advance.
Joint action
An action that us carried out by two or more people acting coordination with each other. An example of this is a conversation.
Opening conversations
Number of possibilities of opening a conversation is infinite. In practice used is limited:
- Address another person: Hey Carl!
- Request information: Do you know what time it is?
- Offering information:
Are you looking for someone?
- Stereotyped expression/topic: Nice weather, right?
Closing conversations
Is often done by presenting a pre-closing statement:
- Using we-ell, so-o-o-o
- Summarizing content
- Justifying ending: I have a meeting in 10 minutes.
- Expressing pleasure of contact: Enjoyed talking to you.
- Planning future contact: See you later.
- Wishing each other well: Take care!
Taking turns
Turn taking operates by three implicit ordered rules:
- The current speaker is allowed to select the next speaker.»_space; Often done by asking a question.
- Self-selection: If rule 1 is not applied another person may speak up.
- Current speaker can continue, is not obligated to do so.
Signals to regulate turns
Nonverbal behavior also facilitates an orderly transition between speakers.
Turn-yielding signal: The display of one or more of six behavioral cues that appear to indicate willingness to conclude one’s turn:
- A drop of pitch.
- A drawl on the final syllable.
- The termination of hand gestures.
- The use of stereotypes expressions such as you know, but and uh.
- A drop in loudness.
- Completion of a grammatical clause.
Attempt-suppressing signal: The continued use of hand gestures together with some cues mentioned above is used when a listener wants to speak up but doesn’t know what to say, so doesn’t want the turn.
Negotiating topics of conversation
There is a strong social convention to be ‘relevant’, so to stick to the topic.
Topics can be defined in terms of the intersection of propositions across sentences.
Variation is due to layers of conversation:
- Layer 1 = Primary layer of conversational activity.
- Layer 2 = Builts on top of layer 1 with different perspectives.
Identifying participants and nonparticipants
INVOEGEN AFBEELDING
Participants = Speaker + Addressee + Side participants
Listeners = Speaker + Addressee + Side participants + Bystander + Eavesdropper.
Using uh and um in spontaneous speaking
Article proposes that speakers use uh and um to announce that they are initiating what they expect to be a minor (uh), or major (um), delay in speaking.»_space; Uh and um are conventional words and speakers plan for, formulate and produce them like any other word.
Hypotheses
- If uh and um are interjections they should have basic meanings and should be useful for implicating.
- All interjections require timing as part of their meaning, so uh and um too.
- Uh and um have a collateral use.
Method
Used corpus data to extract words out of conversations. Looked at delays before and after uh/um.
Results
- Delays after uh and um; More pauses after um than uh. Pauses were longer after um than uh.»_space; Support for filler-as-word hypothesis.
- Delays before uh and um; More pauses before um than before uh. Longer pauses before um than before uh. There were delays almost twice as often before prolonged um than before normal um.
Conclusion
- Uh and um differed sharply in the delays that followed them, but little in the delays that preceded them.
- Speakers don’t consider um a prolonged uh»_space; selecting uh/um is separate from prolonged selected item.
Theory of performance
Speakers proceed two tracks of communication simultaneously:
- Primary track: Topics of discourse.
- Collateral track: Performance of language (timing, delays etc.)
Conceptions of uh and um
Uh and um have long been called filled pauses in contrast to silent pauses. Three views:
- Filler-as-symptom: Uh and um are automatic/involuntary consequences of one or another process in speaking.
- Filler-as-nonlinguistic-signal: Uh and um are signals.
- Filler-as-word: Uh and um are interjections»_space; view of article.
uh»_space; announce minor delay
um»_space; announce major delay
