Probiotics Flashcards
0
Q
Foods containing Probiotics
A
- yogurt - lactobacillus bifidobacteria
- kefir
- buttermilk
- acidophilus milk
- fermented vegetables (sauerkraut)
- need large amounts and must be viable
1
Q
What are Probiotics?
A
- Probiotics is a term derived from Greek meaning “for life”
- often thought of as good bacteria
- strains of lactobacillus and bifidobacterium
- live organisms that when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit to the host
2
Q
What are Prebiotics?
A
- act as substrates to promote bacterial growth
- typically are dietary carbohydrates that do not get digested in the upper GI tract
- a non-digestible food ingredient that beneficially affects the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacterium in the colon
3
Q
Examples of prebiotics
A
- fructooligosaccharides (FOS) - naturally occurring in plants such as chocory, onions, asparagus, bananas and wheat
- inulin
- lactulose (medication for ppl with liver disease)
- Raffinose
- Xylitol
- cookies/granola bars
- breads
- smart pasta
non-dairy milk; Dream Products - some enteral formula
4
Q
What is Synbiotic?
A
- when a product contains both probiotics and prebiotics
- act synergistically to enhance the growth of probiotics, conferring a health benefit to the host
5
Q
Influence of Disease on the Intestine
A
- mucosal barrier becomes compromised
- possibly due to inflammation, infection, neoplasia or trauma
- increased intestinal permeability
- enhanced transmural migration of enteric bacteria and toxic products to the systemic circulation
- leaky gut syndrome: good flora can leak out or bad flora can leak in; toxic products
6
Q
Risk factors for increased intestinal permeability
A
- altered luminal micro-environment
- ischemia (peripheral vascular disease, tumor or thrombus)
- malnutrition
7
Q
impact of probiotics
A
- is transient (you have to keep taking them)
- effect is greatest in the colon
- immune effect is greatest in the distal small intestine (ielum)
8
Q
Probiotic Bacteria
2 types
A
- lactobacillus and bifidobacterium are found naturally in the gut
- maintain gut barrier
- protect against pathogenic bacterial invasion
- species along the gut barrier can block out the toxins from coming in (e coli or salmonella)
9
Q
Proposed Mechanisms for Beneficial Activity
A
- competitive exclusion of pathogenic bacteria
- release of chemical products or biologically active products to inhibit pathogens (release secretin)
- product of butyric acid to enhance turnover of enterocytes
- stimulation of mucin and slgA production to enhance barrier function
- modulate the inflammatory and immune response
- secretion of a soluble factor to enhance barrier function
- reduction of gram negative bacteria by displacement
10
Q
Bacteria used as probiotics should…
A
- be a strain present in humans
- demonstrate non-pathogenic behavior
- be resistant to gastric secretions and bile
- adhere to gut epithelium
- persist in the GI tract
- modulate immune response
11
Q
General Health Effects
-strong evidence-
A
- decreased frequency and duration of diarrhea; 1-3 days improvement, bifidobacterium bifidum, S. thermophilus and lactobacillus GG
- management of GI diseases
- stimulation of humoral and cellular immunity
12
Q
General Health Effects
-Weaker Evidence-
A
- decreased Helicobacter Pylori infection
- decreased allergies
- improvement in constipation
- positive effects in mineral metabolism
- cancer prevention
- decreased serum cholesterol and triglycerides
13
Q
Gi disease management
A
- maintain remission in patients with UC and poutitis (with VSL#3)
- unable to show benefit in patients with Crohn’s disease *
14
Q
Probiotics and Immunity
A
milk and lactobacillus GG vs milk
- reduction in respiratory infections
- reduction in those requiring antibiotics
