Probiotic Review

Question 1

What is the aim of the review

Answer 1

• Why is probiotics significant
• Show the effects of probiotic colonization and persistance
• See how probiotics interact with the GI tract

Question 2

Which probiotic are we working with in the review

Answer 2

Probiotic Lactic Acid Bacteria

Question 3

Why is lactic Acid Bacteria

Answer 3

They can preserve fermented foods

Affect Gut Tract diversity

Question 4

How does probiotic bacteria prevent intestinal infections (explain mode of action) 6 things

Answer 4

• Secrete bacteriocins
• Competition against pathogens for adhesion
• Help with mucus secretion for the epithelial protection
• Organic acids produced cause stearic hinderance and unfavorable conditions
• pH lowering so pathogens don’t survive
• pathogens have no space to interact with epithelial
• colonize the gut

Question 5

What benefit is there to probiotics cells to colonize the GIT and what role does mucus play?

Answer 5

Prevents colonization of guyt by pathogens
Stops coaggregation to reduce virulence genes expressed
Provides stability to the gut
Helps with mucus secretion

Mucus provides a layer of protection against pathogens by covering the epithelial.
Allows for pathogens to have no access to the epithelial receptors for interaction and attachment

Question 6

What is BLIS

Answer 6

Bacteriocin like Inhibitory Substance

Question 7

What is SCFA

Answer 7

Short Chain Fatty Acids

Question 8

What other bacterial products play a role in immune regulation?

Answer 8

Bacteriocins-destroy cell membranes of similar bacteria

Organic Amino Acids - stearic hinderance, unfavorable conditions

Question 9

Is production of hydrogen peroxide by beneficial microorganisms important in the GIT? Other organs?

Answer 9

Yes-acts as a defence and repels pathogens away from the gut
Disruption of formation of pathogens
Reduces pathogen invasion
Reduces pathogen effects
Antimicrobial substance

Question 10

Pathogens discussed in the paper?

Answer 10

Salmonella
S. Enrerica
S. Typhimurium

Question 11

Why is flaggella important to study in pathogens

Answer 11

Motility has shown to have an association with virulence
Stopping motility means stopping virulence of some pathogens
Also stops invasion into the gut epithelial

Question 12

What is coaggregation and auto aggregation

Answer 12

Ability of cells to clump together that are genetically different
Auto aggregation is the ability to attach to cells of the same species

Question 13

What is the aim of the probiotic SARS-cov review

Answer 13

It’s to show us that probiotics produce antiviral compounds that have potential to combat viruses and also be used as vaccines to fight of viruses

Question 14

What would the functions of probiotics be In this case

Answer 14

Makes antiviral compounds
Stop the attachment or recognition between the virus and Cell receptors
Can limit or reduce virus activity to reduce their effect
Make a possible vaccine

Question 15

What is an inflammatory response

Answer 15

An inflammatory response is when you obtain an. Injury and the white blood cells move to the area of the injury to fight off the infection and close the wound. This will lead to accumulation of blood cells around that area causing a red appearance. There can also be chemicals and fluid that leaks into the tissue that causes swelling

Question 16

How do probiotics help with 5he permeability of the GI tract

Answer 16

They can suppress the production of pro inflammatory cytokines that will lead to less TJ permeability
Can also render pore forming proteins like claduin in active
Occludins can get activated which will allow for the dephospylation of mycosin, activating p38 and that will activate the ERK pathway and cause TJ proteins to be produced.

Question 17

How does innate immune system fight off the pathogens

Answer 17

They will phagocyotisis of damaged epithelial cells

They will release antibacterial properties if pathogen lies on the cell receptors