Probability Basic Flashcards
Define probability of an event E in simplest terms.
Probability = (Number of favorable outcomes) / (Total possible outcomes).
What is the range of any probability value?
From 0 to 1, inclusive.
If an event is certain to happen, its probability is…?
1.
If an event is impossible, its probability is…?
0.
Define sample space S.
The set of all possible outcomes of a probabilistic experiment.
If we flip one fair coin, what is P(Heads)?
1/2.
If we flip a fair coin once, P(Tails) =?
1/2, same reasoning as heads.
In a fair six-sided die roll, P(rolling a 3) =?
1/6.
In a fair six-sided die roll, P(rolling an odd number) =?
3/6 = 1/2 (odd faces are 1,3,5).
Define complement of an event A, denoted Aᶜ.
All outcomes in the sample space not in A; P(Aᶜ)=1−P(A).
If P(A)=0.3, what is P(Aᶜ)?
0.7.
If two events A and B are mutually exclusive (disjoint), P(A or B) =?
P(A)+P(B).
State the general addition rule for events A, B (not necessarily disjoint).
P(A or B)=P(A)+P(B)−P(A and B).
Two fair coin flips: sample space size?
4 outcomes: (HH, HT, TH, TT).
Two fair coin flips: P(exactly one head)?
2/4=1/2 (the outcomes are HT, TH).
If P(A)=0.4, P(B)=0.3, A, B disjoint => P(A or B)=?
0.4+0.3=0.7 (since disjoint means no overlap).
In rolling one fair die, P(multiple of 3)?
Faces multiple of 3: 3,6 => 2 out of 6 => 1/3.
In picking a random day of the week, P(weekend day)? (Assume Sat & Sun only.)
2/7.
If P(A)=0.25, P(B)=0.4, and A, B are disjoint, P(A and B) =?
0 (disjoint => cannot occur together).
Define conditional probability P(A|B).
Probability A occurs given B has occurred: P(A|B)=P(A and B)/P(B).
If P(A)=0.5, P(B)=0.4, P(A and B)=0.2 => P(A|B)=?
P(A|B)=0.2/0.4=0.5.
Events A, B are independent if P(A and B)=?
P(A)·P(B).
If A, B independent, then P(A|B)=?
P(A) (B’s occurrence doesn’t affect A).
Flip a fair coin 3 times: sample space size?
2³=8 outcomes.