Probability Flashcards
Experiment
is an act or process that leads to a
single outcome that cannot be predicted with
certainty.
Simple Event
is the most basic outcome of an
experiment
Sample Space
is the collection of all its simple
events
Probability is a major concept underlying the application of inferential statistics. the probability of an event is defined by the ratio of the favorable events to the ____ events
Total possible
The probability of a head when a coin is flipped is equal to 1 divided by ___
2
p (A) = 1/6, then what is the probability that event A will NOT occur
5/6
Multiplication rule for independent events is P(A and B) =
P(A) * P (B)
The probability of an even occurring given that another event has already occurred is called the ____ probability.
Conditional probability
For dependent events, the multiplication rule is P(A and B) =
P(A) * P(B/A)
or
P(B) * P(A/B)
For an event to be considered independent
Two events must occur and have no effect on the chance of each other occurring
The objective of a ________ is to make an inference about a population based on information contained in a sample
Statistic
All individuals with a common characterisic is defined as
A population
A group of individuals who form part of a population is defined as a
Sample
A numerical descriptive measure of population that is calculated from observations in the population is a
Parameter
a numerical descriptive measure of a sample that is calculated from observations in the sample is
Statistic
Discrete variables
A limited set of distinct values ( whole numbers)
Continuous variables
can take on any number within a defined range ( blood pressure
Categorical variables
Dichotomous (binary) - Gender
Nominal variables
Blood type
Ordinal variables
Letter grade
___ Statistics analyze datasets by using numerical methods to discover trends and summarize methods to discover trends and summarize/present information
Descriptive
__ Statistics use sample to make estimations, predictions or generalizations about the population
Inferential
Precision or reliability
to find a tool that leads to repeated consistent results
Accuracy or Validity
To find a tool that avoids systematic error and estimates a value close to the actual value
Test and re-test reliability
The agreement of measuring instruments over time for the sample
Inter- rater reliability
Used to assess the degree which different rater give consistent measures of the same phenomenon
Parallel forms of reliability
Used to assess the consistent results of two tests constructed in the same content domain with two parallel forms
Content validity
The extent to which a measurement reflects the specific intended domain of content
Construct validity
Seeks agreement between a theoretical concept and specific measuring concept
