Private Investigator

Question 1

Investigators may NOT use which of the following techniques during a case?

surveillance 
targeted interviews 
”bug” someone’s cellphone 
collection of open source intelligence.

Answer 1

“bug” someone’s cellphone

Question 2

Investigators make inquiries, collect information and create reports for:

government bodies 
insurance companies 
private individuals 
all of the above

Answer 2

all of the above

Question 3

In playing a significant role in the safety and security of Ontario citizens, licensed private investigators may perform which of the following?

work with Police to investigate corporate or insurance crime.
gather information for lawyers about defendants or witnesses in criminal or civil cases. 
conduct pre-employment checks. 
all of the above

Answer 3

all of the above

Question 4

In collecting the evidence they need for a criminal case, investigators may NOT:

contact Police 
break traffic laws while following the subject. 
take photographs and video of events. 
search through public or client records.

Answer 4

break traffic laws while following the subject

Question 5

Regardless of the type of investigation, an investigator is expected to:

behave in a discreet, ethical and professional manner. 
maintain procedural fairness. 
maintain objectivity. 
all of the above

Answer 5

all of the above

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a general principle that guides all investigations?

decision making is based on a “hunch”. 
investigations are conducted in an objective manner, absent of bias. 
investigations are conducted in a lawful and transparent manner. 
professional processes are followed and documented.

Answer 6

decision making is based on a “hunch”

Question 7

Which of the following is NOT part of a new investigative plan file?

identify the purpose or goal of the investigation. 
clarify the scope of the investigation. 
liaise with law enforcement. 
identify required resources. 
identify budget.

Answer 7

liaise with law enforcement

Question 8

A common issue an investigator will need to address is managing client expectations of what is possible and?

affordable 
efficient 
legal 
none of the above

Answer 8

legal

Question 9

As a licensed investigator you have the expertise needed to do any investigation.

True 
False

Answer 9

False

Question 10

As an investigator hired by the client to find a private individual, you can release any information you find to your client.

True 
False

Answer 10

False

Question 11

In locating an individual for a person who then assaults the individual, you could be charged as party to the offense.

True 
False

Answer 11

True

Question 12

Which of the following would be considered specialized areas of investigation?

Regulatory enforcement. 
Loss prevention. 
Worker’s compensation. 
Securities. 
All of the above

Answer 12

All of the above

Question 13

In-house/internal investigations typically focus on issues of:

compliance with standards, policies, codes of behaviour or regulations. 
internal theft/fraud. 
inventory loss/theft. 
allegations of inappropriate, unethical or illegal behaviour. 
all of the above

Answer 13

All of the above

Question 14

In Regulatory investigations, Investigators are often tasked with inquiring into:

public complaints alleging breaches of the professional code of ethics. 
internal complaints of harassment or discrimination. 
breaches of professional practice. 
all of the above

Answer 14

All of the above

Question 15

In Barrister and Solicitor investigations, when an investigator uncovers findings that are detrimental to the case, the investigator must:

present them in ways that colour the findings as beneficial. 
get approval or additional direction from the client before presenting them to the lawyer. 
provide them to the lawyer, whether beneficial to the case or not. 
suppress that information for the benefit of the client and the case.

Answer 15

provide them to the lawyer, whether beneficial to the case or not

Question 16

A solid understanding of privacy law and regulations is required to be successful in Location of Persons investigations.

True 
False

Answer 16

True

Question 17

Location of Persons investigations are often referred to as:

Finds 
MIAs 
Locates 
None of the above

Answer 17

Locates

Question 18

In Locations of Persons investigations, investigators must be aware of access to information issues. If the information can be found in publicly available information, it can be released to the client directly.

True 
False

Answer 18

True

Question 19

The ability to access and search many databases is key to success in the field of Corporate and Due Diligence investigations.

True 
False

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Insurance investigators usually break down into three areas: the in-house investigator, the background and statement taking investigator, and the surveillance investigator.

True 
False

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Loss Prevention investigators are unique in that they are most likely to be arresting individuals for crimes. Their ability to arrest is based on the citizen’s power of arrest under the Criminal Code of Canada.

True 
False

Answer 21

True

Question 22

All investigators require the same skills and background knowledge.

True 
False

Answer 22

False

Question 23

An occupational health and safety investigator can face a number of risks and hazards which could include:

chemicals 
gas and oil spills 
structural hazards 
electrical hazards 
all of the above

Answer 23

All of the above

Question 24

Once an investigator receives their license, they have all the skills needed to embark on any investigation.

True 
False

Answer 24

False

Question 25

Which field(s) of specialized investigation is most likely to include physically arresting people?

In-house 
Occupational health and safety. 
Retail 
Barristers and solicitors

Answer 25

Retail

Question 26

In conducting a “locate” or a private client inquiry, the investigator must be aware of:

Motive of the client. 
Disclosure of personal information. 
Risk of being party to an offence. 
All of the above

Answer 26

All of the above

Question 27

Simply by obtaining a license as a private investigator, a new investigator can start business and take in clients.

True 
False

Answer 27

False

Question 28

The only insurance required for an investigations company is for worker’s compensation.

True 
False

Answer 28

False

Question 29

A services agreement or contract setting out fees and the work to be performed is one of the most important documents to agree on at the start of a new client assignment.

True 
False

Answer 29

True

Question 30

It is important to fully understand and abide by individual client guidelines on such things as surveillance procedures, format of reports and billing procedures.

True 
False

Answer 30

True

Question 31

Investigators entering the field need to develop experience in the business side of investigations and be prepared to:

manage or operate a successful business. 
comply with appropriate legislation. 
mitigate risks unique to their industry. 
all of the above

Answer 31

All of the above

Question 32

The PSISA defines a Private Investigator as a person who performs work, for remuneration, that consists primarily of conducting investigations in order to provide information on the following:

the character or actions of a person. 
the business or occupation of a person. 
the whereabouts of persons or property. 
all of the above

Answer 32

All the above

Question 33

The PSISA outlines a Code of Conduct that business licensees must enforce for all individual licensees it employs or engages the services of. Which of the following is NOT TRUE of that Code of Conduct?

An individual licensee shall refrain from using profane, abusive or insulting language or actions that are otherwise uncivil to any member of the public. 
An individual licensee shall exercise due force while on duty when the licensee recognizes it as necessary to the performance of the individual licensee’s duties.
An individual licensee shall not willfully or negligently make a false statement or complaint against another licensee.
An individual licensee shall not be unfit for duty, while working, through consumption of alcohol or drugs.

Answer 33

An individual licensee shall exercise due force while on duty when the licensee recognizes it as necessary to the performance of the individual licensee’s duties

Question 34

Duty of Care” may be defined as a requirement that a person act toward others and the public with watchfulness, attention, caution and prudence that a reasonable person in the circumstances would. If a person’s actions do not meet this standard of care, then the acts are considered negligent, and any damages resulting may be claimed in a lawsuit for negligence.

True 
False

Answer 34

True

Question 35

The investigation industry in Ontario, including both individual investigators and the agencies that employ them, is regulated by the Federal Ministry of Justice.

True 
False

Answer 35

False (MCSCS)

Question 36

Which of the following basic qualifications are NOT needed to qualify for a license as a private investigator under the PSISA?

the person possesses a clean criminal record.
the person is 18 years old or older.
the person is entitled to work in Canada.
the person has successfully passed.
firearms training.

Answer 36

firearms training

Question 37

Once licensed, an investigator is required by law to carry their license with them at all times.

True 
False

Answer 37

False

Question 38

An investigator is not required by law to show proof of licensing upon request by a member of the public if doing so may impede their ability to effectively perform their duties.

True 
False

Answer 38

True

Question 39

The Registrar may decline to issue or renew a license if the applicant is liable to pay a fine for a provincial offense that has not been paid.

True 
False

Answer 39

True

Question 40

Though there are some limitations on the role and duties of licensed investigators, because of their training, they have more lawful authority or privilege to conduct an inquiry than private citizens.

True 
False

Answer 40

False

Question 41

Which of the following tasks are licensed investigators NOT allowed to conduct?

access confidential databases such as criminal records 
intercept private communications 
execute search warrants 
all of the above

Answer 41

All of the above

Question 42

There may be instances where a client asks an investigator to step outside their lawful authority, or engage in unethical practices. Which of the following real life examples would fall within their lawful authority?

Plant a hidden listening device in a company boardroom.
Observe a disability insurance claimant to see if he is working at another job while he is claiming disability.
Track down the hiding abused wife for a battering husband. 
Illicitly obtain the intellectual property of a competing company.

Answer 42

Observe a disability insurance claimant to see if he is working at another job while he is claiming disability.

Question 43

The PSISA and Regulations specifies a Code of Conduct for licensed private investigators. Which of the following does the Code of Conduct NOT allow for a licensed private investigator?

Use of excessive force in any situation the investigator deems necessary. 
Act with honesty and integrity.
Treat all persons without discrimination. 
Avoid using profanity.

Answer 43

Use of excessive force in any situation the investigator deems necessary.

Question 44

If in the exercise of his or her duties an investigator has cause to use force, the government gives a “benefit of the doubt” understanding that given their training and license, the investigator exercises adequate professional judgement in the use of force. Only in situations where a complaint is lodged are reports necessary.

True 
False

Answer 44

False

Question 45

The purpose, in part, of a formal complaints process is to ensure that Codes of Conduct are upheld and investigations are conducted with integrity.

True 
False

Answer 45

True

Question 46

Under Part 5 of the PSISA, after the action or circumstance giving rise to the complaint occurs, any person may make a complaint about an investigator in writing to the Registrar within:

30 days 
60 days 
90 days 
None of the above

Answer 46

90 days

Question 47

Under Part 5 of the PSISA, which of the following is NOT TRUE about how the Registrar must deal with complaints about investigators?

The Registrar may deem the complaint frivolous and vexatious or made in bad faith. 
If the Registrar considers the complaint as a breach of the Code of Conduct, the Registrar shall refer the complaint to a facilitator. 
The Registrar may disregard the facilitator’s recommendations and impose their remedial instructions as a condition of the license. 
All of the above.

Answer 47

The Registrar may disregard the facilitator’s recommendations and impose their remedial instructions as a condition of the license.

Question 48

Under Part 5 of the PSISA, if a complaint goes to facilitation, the facilitation shall not take place without the participation of the complainant and the licensee must attend any meetings required by the facilitator.

True 
False

Answer 48

True

Question 49

Under Part 5 of the PSISA, both the Registrar and an appointed investigator may initiate an investigation based on a complaint alleging a contravention of this Act, the regulations or a condition of a license.

True 
False

Answer 49

True

Question 50

Under Part 5 of the PSISA, a warrant issued shall name a date of expiry, which shall be no later than 30 days after the warrant is issued, but a Justice of the Peace may extend the date of expiry for an additional period of no more than 60 days, on application without notice by the investigator named in the warrant.

True 
False

Answer 50

False

Question 51

An investigator may take possession of a license, if while acting in the course of his or her duties, the investigator believes on reasonable grounds that the license is required to be returned to the Registrar under the Act or is being used contrary to the Act.

True 
False

Answer 51

True

Question 52

You are required by occupational health and safety law to identify hazards through an assessment and prepare written reports outlining mitigation measures, prior to commencing work at a site.

True 
False

Answer 52

True

Question 53

Everyone has responsibilities under the OHS Act, Regulations and Code, “not knowing” is not a viable excuse or reason to not follow the law.

True 
False

Answer 53

True

Question 54

You do not have to follow the “Hierarchy of Controls” (elimination, engineering, administrative, personal protective equipment) because you are going to solely rely on your client to do this for you.

True 
False

Answer 54

False

Question 55

You do not have any obligation to stop unsafe work conditions or practices at a workplace because it is the client’s responsibility.

True 
False

Answer 55

False

Question 56

Which of the following are examples of personal information that you need to be aware of protecting as an investigator?

telephone number. 
name,age,weight,height.
credit records, loan records.
visual images such as photos and videos where the subject may be identified.
all of the above.

Answer 56

All of the above

Question 57

The Federal legislation known as PIPEDA stands for:

Professional Investigators and Private Eye Duty Act.
Private Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act.
Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act.
None of the above

Answer 57

Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act.

Question 58

When it comes to privacy legislation, the concept of a reasonable person is based on what a normal, cautious and prudent person if he or she was presented with all of the evidence and various perspectives, would think is reasonable with regard to the collection, use and disclosure of personal information.

True 
False

Answer 58

True

Question 59

In Ontario, like B.C., Alberta and Quebec, the private sector privacy legislation has been deemed substantially similar to PIPEDA; therefore PIPEDA does not supersede FIPPA in Ontario.

True 
False

Answer 59

False

Question 60

Which of the following legislation governs records that are in the custody or under the control of municipalities and some related institutions?

PIPA 
FIPPA 
PIPEDA 
MFIPPA 
All of the above 
None of the above

Answer 60

MFIPPA

Question 61

PIPEDA applies to employee information only in connection with Federal works, undertakings or businesses.

True 
False

Answer 61

True

Question 62

When collecting, using and disclosing personal information, licensed business entities must always have the consent of the person to whom the personal information belongs.

True 
False

Answer 62

False

Question 63

Under which circumstances, if any, may an organization collect personal information without the consent or knowledge of the individual?

The collection is solely for journalistic, artistic or literary purposes. 
The information is publicly available and is specified by the regulations. 
It is reasonable to expect that the collection with the knowledge or consent of the individual would compromise the availability or the accuracy of the information. 
The collection is reasonable for purposes related to investigating a breach of an agreement or a contravention of the laws of Canada or a Province.
All of the above.
None of the above.

Answer 63

All of the above

Question 64

Which of the following privacy-conscious policies and practices regarding investigations and video surveillance could an employer take to ensure PIPEDA compliance?

Use video surveillance as a last resort to be used only after all other avenues of collecting personal information have been exhausted. 
The decision to undertake video surveillance should be made at a very senior level of the organization. 
The private investigator should be instructed to collect personal information in accordance with the Act, being especially mindful of Principle 4.4. 
All of the above.

Answer 64

All of the above

Question 65

An employer may place a GPS tracking device on any car that an employee is using to conduct company business if it is deemed necessary to track its location in order to investigate a breach of contract situation.

True 
False

Answer 65

False

Question 66

WHMIS stands for:

Worker Hazard Mitigation Information System. 
Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System. 
Work Hazard Materials Intervention System.
None of the above.

Answer 66

Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System.

Question 67

Under WHMIS, which of the following ways must information be provided on hazardous materials?

supplier labels and workplace labels on hazardous materials containers. 
material safety data sheets 
worker education programs. 
all of the above. 
none of the above.

Answer 67

All of the above

Question 68

All workers have the legal right to refuse unsafe work, if they feel (with good reason) that they (or others) may be put in harm’s way.

True 
False

Answer 68

True

Question 69

FIPPA

Answer 69

Freedom of information and protection of Privacy Act

Question 70

PIPEDA

Answer 70

Personal information protection and Electronic Documents Act

Question 71

MFIPPA

Answer 71

Municipal Freedom of information and Protection of Privacy Act

Question 72

Code of Conduct

Answer 72

What kind of behaviour is appropriate or inappropriate

Question 73

PSISA

Answer 73

Private Security & Investigator Services Act

Question 74

Duty of Care

Answer 74

A requirement that a person act toward others and the public with watchfulness, attention, caution and prudence that a reasonable person in the circumstances would

Question 75

Direct evidence

Answer 75

Testimony of a person with respect to someone that person witnessed directly

Question 76

Circumstantial evidence

Answer 76

Evidence that relates to a series of facts other than the particular facts ought to be proved

Question 77

Hearsay evidence

Answer 77

Witness presents a statement that was made to them by another person, who is not present at trial

Question 78

Admissions

Answer 78

Voluntary admissions made by an accused and reported by another witness fall outside the hearsay rule and may be admissible

Question 79

Admissible evidence

Answer 79

Is relevant evidence to a proceeding that has not been excluded by a judge

Question 80

Documentary evidence

Answer 80

Any written thing capable of being made evidence no matter on what material it may be inscribed.. including- books, video, photos, computer

Question 81

Real evidence

Answer 81

Physical evidence refers to items present in court

Question 82

Trace evidence

Answer 82

Finger prints, foot prints, piece of clothing, hair

Question 83

Lay (opinion) evidence

Answer 83

A opinion of a person who is not qualified as an expert

Question 84

Unsworn evidence

Answer 84

Evidence of a Witness who doesn’t appear to understand the nature of an oath or a solemn affirmation

Question 85

S.T.O.P. Principle

Answer 85

S-stop before you do anything
T-think about hazard or condition, how it can harm you
O-observe the circumstances and evaluate/assess the situation
P-plan your next step(s) including required mitigation measures

Question 86

The Provincial Offences Act

Answer 86

Outlines the measures taken when dealing with violations of provincial & municipal laws

Question 87

The Employment Standards Act

Answer 87

The Ontario ministry of labour oversees the application of the employment standards Act

Question 88

Occupational Health and Safety Act (OHSA)

Answer 88

Safe work environment for Employees to work in

Question 89

What are the two Federal privacy Acts

Answer 89

Privacy Act
PIPEDA (Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act

Question 90

Provincial Laws - Ontario

Answer 90

FIPPA- Freedom of information and protection of privacy Act
MFIPPA- Municipal freedom of information and protection of privacy Act
Personal health information protection Act

Question 91

Ontario evidence Act & Canada Evidence Act

Answer 91

Relation to the processing the admissibility / inadmissibility of evidence and who is eligible to give evidence

Question 92

Examination in chief

Answer 92

Witness will tell the story as he/her knows it - leading questions are not allowed except for introduce the witness- your name so & so?

Question 93

Cross examination

Answer 93

Conducted by the opposing side, this will be occasion to show inconsistencies in the witness’s story -leading question are permitted with approval of the court

Question 94

Re-examination

Answer 94

This is conducted for the purpose of clarifying a particular point. No new evidence & no leading questions

Question 95

Rebuttal evidence

Answer 95

Evidence is to deal with new points brought up by the defence

Question 96

Surrebuttal evidence

Answer 96

Evidence is only to deal with rebuttal evidence and no new issues can be raised

Question 97

Communication during marriage

Answer 97

No husband / wife is compelled to disclose any communication made to him or her by spouse during their marriage

Question 98

MSDS

Answer 98

Material Safety Data Sheets

Question 99

4 levels of court in Canada

Answer 99

Provincial/Territorial courts- majority of cases.
Provincial/Territorial Superior courts - serious crimes.
Federal courts
Provincial/Territorial court of Appeal & Federal court of Appeal.
Supreme Court of Canada- highest level.

Question 100

Court of Appeal for Ontario

Answer 100

Highest level of court in Province
Composed of:
Federal appointed Chief justice of Ontario
An Associate Chief justice of Ontario
And many other judges
1-3 judges depending on the appeal
This court sits separate from Ontario courts and usually provides final ruling, an appeal on this ruling goes to supreme court of canada

Question 101

Court of Ontario

Answer 101

The Supreme Court of justice
The Ontario court of justice

Question 102

Superior court of justice

Answer 102

Most serious criminal law & youth criminal justice matters.
Also civil cases:
Divorce cases including a large amount of money

Question 103

Superior Courts (3 branches)

Answer 103

Divisional court- appellate court only hears, up to $50,000.00
Family Court (unified family court) -divorce, child/spousal support, custody, adoption and child protection cases
Small claims court- hears civil action claims up to $25,000.00
Ontario court of justice - lowest level provincial court, also considered a youth court

Question 104

Justices of the peace hearing

Answer 104

Bail hearings
Application for search warrants
Prosecution of provincial offences for violations of provincial laws-
highway traffic Acts
Occupational health and safety Act
Liquor control Act
Compulsory automobile ins Act

Question 105

Provincial/Territorial courts

Answer 105

Each province and territory with exception of Nunavut, has a provincial and territorial courts hears cases involving federal or provincial/territorial laws

Question 106

In Ontario judges

Answer 106

Are appointed by the provincial government
Have been lawyers for 10yr
Hear criminal, youth/ family trials without jury - final decision
In criminal cases - judge decides whether not guilty or guilty and imposes sentence

Question 107

Justice of the Peace

Answer 107

Appointed by provincial government and referred to as “Your Worship”
They do not have to be a lawyer
Have 10yrs pd or volunteer work experience & university degree or college diploma
Maybe the only person a member of the public may ever meet

Question 108

Provincial/Territorial superior courts

Answer 108

Various names:
Supreme Court of justice
Supreme Court
Court of Queens bench
Administered by the Provinces & Territories, the judges are appointed and paid by the federal government

Question 109

Courts of appeal

Answer 109

Usually a panel of 3

Question 110

The federal Courts

Answer 110

Federal court & federal court of appeal are essentially superior courts with civil jurisdiction.
The courts were created by the Act of Parliament

Question 111

Trail by jury

Answer 111

Under Canadian charter of rights and freedoms- an individual generally have the right to be tried by jury or judge alone

Question 112

Supreme Court of Canada

Answer 112

Is the final court of appeal from all Canadian courts
Consists of:
Chief of justice
8 other judges (3 judges from Quebec, 3 from Ontario, 2 western Canada, 1 from Atlantic provinces
All appointed by federal government.
They sit in Ottawa for 3 sessions: winter, spring & fall
Before a case reaches supreme court of Canada, it must have used up all available appeals. Then the court must grant permission or leave, before it will hear the case. In writing and reviewed by 3 members of the court, who the will grant or deny the request without providing reason.
Certain situations however the right to appeal is automatic.

Question 113

Voir Dire

Answer 113

Trial within a trial

Question 114

Charter of Rights and Freedoms

Answer 114

34 sections
PI rights in section 1,7 though 15
1- rights and limitations
7- Right of life, liberty and security of person
8- search or seizure
9- detention or imprisonment
10- arrests or detention
11- proceedings in criminal and penal matters
12- treatment or punishment
13- self incrimination
14- interpreter
15- Equality rights
Everyone has the right live in freedom and safety.
Everyone has the right to not be unreasonably searched or have things taken from them.
Everyone has the right to not be detained or imprisoned without reason.
Everyone has the right to be told the reason they have been detained or arrested.

Question 115

The rights defined in sections 7 through 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms are most important to a private investigator.

True 
False

Answer 115

True

Question 116

Section 8 of The Charter states,”Everyone has the right to be secure against unreasonable search or seizure.”

True 
False

Answer 116

True

Question 117

Failure to conduct your investigation work within the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms could result in:

a ban of the evidence in your case from court. 
the wasted time and expense of your investigation. 
a legal opportunity for a defendant to pursue you for damages. 
a legal opportunity for a defendant to pursue your company for damages. 
harm to your reputation, the reputation of your employer, and your position as an investigator. 
all of the above

Answer 117

All of the above

Question 118

Ontario Human Rights Code outlines 5 protected social areas where it applies. Select 2 areas which are of most concern to investigators.

Services 
Accommodation (housing) 
Contracts 
Employment 
Unions and Vocational associations

Answer 118

Services &
Employment

Question 119

The penalties for violating the Ontario Human Rights Code are significant, with fines up to _______ against those that hinder, obstruct or interfere with the Commission Investigators.

$100,000.00 
$5,000.00 
$10,000.00 
$25,000.00

Answer 119

25,000.00

Question 120

The Criminal Code of Canada gives a private investigator additional rights to make arrests or searches.

True 
False

Answer 120

False

Question 121

The Criminal Code of Canada covers all illegal and unlawful acts.

True 
False

Answer 121

False

Question 122

Arrest is the process of detaining an individual for the purposes of investigating the individual’s possible involvement in a criminal activity.

True 
False

Answer 122

True

Question 123

Anyone can arrest a person or persons under the limits outlined in which section of the Criminal Code of Canada?

Section 944 
Section 25 
Section 494 
Section 8

Answer 123

Section 494

Question 124

Anyone may arrest without warrant…

a person whom he finds committing an indictable offence. 
a person who, on reasonable grounds, he believes has committed a criminal offence. 
a person who, on reasonable grounds, he believes is escaping from and freshly pursued by persons who have lawful authority to arrest that person. 
all of the above.

Answer 124

All the above

Question 125

Whom of the following may arrest a person without warrant if they find them committing a criminal offence on or in relation to a property?

Any of the owners or a person in lawful possession of a property. 
A person authorized by the owner. 
A person authorized by a person in lawful possession of a property. 
All of the above.

Answer 125

All of the above

Question 126

The following Five Steps of Arrest are in the correct order:
1. Identify yourself as an investigator.
2. Inform the subject they are under arrest.
3. Take physical control of the subject.
4. Inform the subject of the reason for the arrest.
5. Turn the subject over to police/peace officer ASAP.

True 
False

Answer 126

True

Question 127

For an investigator, the powers of search break down into two areas: “incidental to arrest” and “with consent”.

True 
False

Answer 127

True

Question 128

When an investigator arrests a subject and conducts a search for evidence, all evidence gathered is admissible in the case against the accused.

True 
False

Answer 128

False

Question 129

When an investigator arrests a subject, it does not mean they have grounds to search for evidence.

True 
False

Answer 129

True

Question 130

In common law, which of the following would the citizen NOT be allowed to search after making an arrest?

Weapons or items that could be used as a weapon. 
Items or tools which would aid in escape. 
Evidence of any and all other indictable offences 
Evidence of the offense the subject was arrested for

Answer 130

Evidence of any and all other indictable offences

Question 131

Which of the following has the Supreme Court of Canada held necessary for a search to be reasonable?

Authorized by law. 
The law itself must be reasonable. 
The manner in which the search was carried out must be reasonable. 
All of the above 
None of the above.

Answer 131

All of the above

Question 132

Consent to search can be gained by:

Simply informing the individual that there is reasonable grounds to warrant searching them or something they are carrying. 
An agreed term in a purchase contract. 
All of the above. 
None of the above.

Answer 132

An agreed term in a purchase contract.

Question 133

If an individual being arrested by an investigator gives consent to be searched, the investigator may continue the search even if the individual has second thoughts and tells the investigator to stop.

True 
False

Answer 133

False

Question 134

The 2 critical elements in almost all offences are actus reus(guilty act) and mens rea (guilty mind)

True 
False

Answer 134

True

Question 135

The 2 broad categories of intent are general intent and specific intent.

True 
False

Answer 135

True

Question 136

____ intent means the person committing the crime actually intended to do something to another as opposed to having accidentally done so.

Malicious 
Specific 
Oblique 
General

Answer 136

General

Question 137

_____ intent requires the Crown to prove what the suspect was thinking at the time of the commission of the offence.

Direct 
Oblique 
Specific 
General

Answer 137

Specific

Question 138

In a case where two people agree to rob a bank and enter with guns to scare the people into giving them money, one partner gets angry at someone who is not cooperating and shoots and kills them. Only the person who shot the victim can be charged with the murder.

True 
False

Answer 138

False

Question 139

Which argument can be used to establish mens rea in the case of an impaired driver who kills someone while driving home drunk?

It’s a case of a person ignoring the likely outcomes of an action. 
A reasonable person would believe there was a strong probability that death could result from driving while impaired. 
All of the above. 
None of the above.

Answer 139

All of the above

Question 140

The specific behaviours or actions that lead to the criminal act being committed is referred to as:

Specific intent 
Mens rea 
Actus reus 
None of the above

Answer 140

Actus reus

Question 141

In many civil cases, counsel will have an investigator interview the witnesses that have been disclosed by the other side. That witness must speak with the investigator.

True 
False

Answer 141

False

Question 142

Which of the following are NOT examples of offences under Section 423(1): Intimidation?

Using violence or threats 
Persistently following 
Following in a disorderly manner on a highway. 
Blocking or obstructing a highway. 
Hiding someone’s clothes. 
All of the above are examples of intimidation.

Answer 142

All of the above are examples of intimidation.

Question 143

Which section of the Criminal Code covers planting a listening device in a room?

Section 322 – Theft 
Section 184 – Interception 
Section 342.1 – Unauthorized Use of a Computer 
None of the above

Answer 143

Section 184 – Interception

Question 144

Failure to fully disclose all relevant and accurate information in an investigator’s report is not a cause for concern because it is only direct testimony sworn by an investigator that is used as evidence given in court.

True 
False

Answer 144

False

Question 145

Unless you are part of the conversation or have direct consent to record, you cannot electronically capture the communications of others. Overhearing conversations without using audio aids is also not permitted.

True 
False

Answer 145

False

Question 146

Colour of right” in Section 322 (Theft) is defined as:

An honestly held belief in entitlement to property. 
To influence the court’s perception of the rights of ownership. 
An honestly held belief that there is no clear ownership of the property in question. 
None of the above.

Answer 146

An honestly held belief in entitlement to property.

Question 147

If a person is in possession of property stolen in another country, they cannot be charged with an offence under the Criminal Code of Canada.

True 
False

Answer 147

False

Question 148

Which of the following are considered forgeries under Section 366?

Altering a genuine document in any material part. 
Making a material addition to a genuine document or adding to it a false date, attestation, seal or other thing that is material. 
Making a material alteration n a genuine document by erasure, obliteration, removal or in any other way. 
All of the above.

Answer 148

All of the above

Question 149

If you uttered threats to a person while taking their cell phone forcibly away from them for the purposes of walking away and keeping it, you would likely be charged with an offence under Section 322 – Theft.

True 
False

Answer 149

False

Question 150

Which of the following are part of the four levels of the Canadian Criminal Court System?

Provincial/Territorial Courts 
Provincial/Territorial Superior Courts and Federal Courts 
Provincial/Territorial Courts of Appeal and Federal Courts of Appeal 
Supreme Court of Canada

Answer 150

All of them
Provincial/Territorial Courts.
Provincial/Territorial Superior Courts and Federal Courts.
Provincial/Territorial Courts of Appeal and Federal Courts of Appeal.
Supreme Court of Canada

Question 151

Which of the following are considered to be the investigator’s source documents?

Laws and statutes 
Contract 
Policy 
All of the above 
None of the above

Answer 151

All of the above

Question 152

As a private investigator, which of the following is NOT the primary focus of your job?

Compile and examine evidence as it relates to a client requested investigation. 
Examine source documents to determine what the expectations were and if a breach has occurred. 
Detect or deter crime. 
Gather evidence in such a way that it is admissible in a court of law.

Answer 152

Detect or deter crime.

Question 153

You may arrest an individual that you know previously committed a crime in relation to your premise.

True 
False

Answer 153

False

Question 154

Unless you are part of the conversation or have direct consent to record, you cannot electronically capture the communications of others. Overhearing conversations without using audio aids is also not permitted.

True 
False

Answer 154

False

Question 155

Under Section 265 (Assault), waving one’s fist in the face of another can constitute assault.

True 
False

Answer 155

True

Question 156

Which of the following is NOT considered a “place” as defined in Section 348(3)?

A dwelling house 
A building or structure 
A railway vehicle 
A sports car 
A sheep’s pen

Answer 156

A sports car

Question 157

If you broke into a person’s house, even if you only sat down and watched some TV and left again without doing damage or stealing anything, you still will have committed an offence under Section 348: Break and Enter.

True 
False

Answer 157

True

Question 158

Going through an unlocked house door or the gate of a fence compound is considered breaking in.

True 
False

Answer 158

True

Question 159

Hacking into a computer system, depending on the circumstances, would likely be considered an offence under which section of the Criminal Code?

Section 348: Break and Enter 
Section 430: Mischief 
Section 343: Robbery 
None of the above

Answer 159

Section 430: Mischief

Question 160

If a suspect changes a price tag to a lower amount to get the store to sell the item at the lower price, they would have committed an offence under:

Section 361: False Pretence 
Section 430: Mischief 
Section 380: Fraud 
None of the above

Answer 160

Section 380 fraud

Question 161

You cannot prowl around a dwelling at night without being in breach of which section of the Criminal Code?

Section 348: Break and Enter 
Section 430: Mischief 
Section 177: Trespassing at Night 
None of the above

Answer 161

Section 177: Trespassing at Night

Question 162

Though Section 184 of the Criminal Code states that it is an offence to willfully intercept the private communications of an individual, conversations can be recorded and presented in court as long as you are the person who is originating the conversation.

True 
False

Answer 162

True

Question 163

In the investigations business, it is considered a best practice during surveillance to disable the audio on any video equipment.

True 
False

Answer 163

True

Question 164

The _____ provides the process and the evidence requirements for cases that go through the federal criminal courts.

Criminal Code 
Ontario Evidence Act 
Canada Evidence Act 
All of the above

Answer 164

Canada Evidence Act

Question 165

When it comes to the rules of evidence, the term ____ refers to the fact that one is able to provide evidence.

Compellable 
Competent 
Burden of Proof 
None of the above

Answer 165

Competent

Question 166

An accused can be compelled by the prosecution to testify in the legal proceeding of his/her case.

True 
False

Answer 166

False

Question 167

The standard of proof in a civil matter carries the obligation for the plaintiff to prove the case:

Beyond a reasonable doubt. 
Based on a balance of probabilities. 
To the judge’s satisfaction. 
None of the above.

Answer 167

Based on a balance of probabilities.

Question 168

The term ____ refers to a set of facts and circumstances which cause an ordinary, cautious and prudent person to believe something that goes beyond mere suspicion.

reasonable 
unreasonable 
acceptable 
unacceptable

Answer 168

reasonable

Question 169

The Best Evidence Rule sets the expectation that…

only the original evidence is admissible. 
only expert opinion evidence applies. 
the best evidence available will be produced. 
none of the above.

Answer 169

the best evidence available will be produced.

Question 170

Civil Law deals with matters that are an offense against society.

True 
False

Answer 170

False

Question 171

Which of the following are court-ordered search provisions related to property?

Anton Piller Order 
Court-ordered release of documents 
Civil search warrant 
All of the above

Answer 171

All of the above

Question 172

Which of the following is NOT true of Common or Case Law?

It is also known as precedent law. 
They are a set of principles and interpretations of law from previously adjudicated cases. 
Judgments in the lower courts set precedence and are always binding, even in higher courts. 
It is used by judges in deliberating current cases to provide the standards of expectation and outcome on future court actions.

Answer 172

Judgments in the lower courts set precedence and are always binding, even in higher courts.

Question 173

A tort is a civil wrong that can be addressed through legal action to provide remedy to the individuals whose person or property has been affected.

True 
False

Answer 173

True

Question 174

Which of the following describes the type of civil wrong (mentioned in the previous question) that is committed upon the person or property independent of contract?

The violation of some private obligation by which like damage accrues to the individual. 
A direct invasion of some legal right of the individual. 
The infraction of some public duty by which special damage accrues to the individual. 
All of the above 
None of the above.

Answer 174

All of the above

Question 175

Only police and peace officers have special powers related to the Criminal Code and Federal Law; however the laws can be investigated by anyone.

True 
False

Answer 175

True

Question 176

For the crime of Break and Enter, a person is deemed to have “broken” into a place if they have walked through an open doorway leading to the interior of the premise.

True 
False

Answer 176

True

Question 177

A term for “wrong-doing” is a:

Anton Piller Order 
Tort 
Reasonable 
Search Warrant

Answer 177

Tort

Question 178

The document used to search property in a civil case is called a:

Anton Piller Order 
Tort 
Beyond a reasonable doubt 
Search Warrant

Answer 178

Anton Piller order

Question 179

A person who is alleged to have committed the wrong at a civil trial is called the:

Defendant 
Plaintiff 
Respondent

Answer 179

Defendant

Question 180

As a private investigator, I am no longer a ‘private person’ as outlined in Section 25 of the Criminal Code.

True 
False

Answer 180

False

Question 181

In a scenario in which an investigator faces a challenging situation or a hostile or anxious individual, which would be the least favoured option to deal with the circumstances?

Skilled communication to mitigate any potential threat. 
Use of force in a self-defensive or restraining manner. 
A swift tactical withdrawal. 
Alerting the police.

Answer 181

Use of force in a self-defensive or restraining manner.

Question 182

In Section 25 of the Criminal Code, the wording “as much force as is necessary” would be considered as:

“all the force one can muster to effect its purpose” 
”the least amount of force to effect its purpose” 
”any level of force that can be justified in effecting its purpose” 
None of the above

Answer 182

the least amount of force to effect its purpose”

Question 183

While Section 25 authorizes the use of force in the administration or enforcement of the law, Section 26 holds the person accountable for?

the amount of excessive force used 
the amount of extra force used to control an individual or to protect yourself. 
the nature and quality of the act that constitutes the excess of force. 
All of the above 
None of the above

Answer 183

All of the above

Question 184

Section 27 covers an investigator in all cases so that they can confidently use force to make an arrest in order to prevent an offense from occurring.

True 
False

Answer 184

False

Question 185

If an investigator is the target of an unprovoked attack, he or she is justified in using any amount of force necessary to repel the attack and subdue his or her assailant.

True 
False

Answer 185

False

Question 186

The National Use of Force Framework acknowledges that individuals using lawful force apply such force options in consecutive steps or stages from the lowest force option to the highest.

True 
False

Answer 186

False

Question 187

Which of the following does the National Use of Force Framework NOT stress?

the use of communications to de-escalate the situation 
ongoing situational. assessment.
use of perception (threats,options).
use of levels of physical force along a continuum of intensity. 
assessing tactical considerations.

Answer 187

use of levels of physical force along a continuum of intensity

Question 188

Which of the following does NOT describe “reasonable force”?

Force that is consistent with the physical and mental characteristics of the subject. 
As much force as is “reasonable” for your size and strength. 
The minimum level of force required to defend oneself and get away safely. 
Force that is appropriate to the situation at hand.

Answer 188

As much force as is “reasonable” for your size and strength.

Question 189

Investigators may be contracted for which of the following clients?

Private individuals
Lawyers and law firms
Insurance companies
Corporations
Government
All of the above

Answer 189

All of the above

Question 190

Investigators do not get involved in investigating criminal acts since these are the responsibility of the police.

True
False

Answer 190

False

Question 191

Our eyes often see only what they look for and look for what is already in our minds.

True
False

Answer 191

True

Question 192

Having too much information will always reduce investigative errors.

True
False

Answer 192

False

Question 193

Interviews and interrogations are the same.

True
False

Answer 193

False

Question 194

During interviews of employees it is permissible to prevent union representatives from sitting in the interview.

True
False

Answer 194

False

Question 195

Which of the following is information that an investigator will typically try to identify in the first steps of an investigation?

The purpose or goal of the investigation
The scope of the investigation
The intended timeline for deliverables/action
All of the above

Answer 195

All of the above

Question 196

Which of the following required resources will an investigator need to conduct an investigation?

Access to data sources
Special equipment
Special investigative strategies and techniques
All of the above

Answer 196

All of the above

Question 197

Which of the following is NOT a purpose of an investigation?

Determine whether an event took place or an offence was committed
Tight timeline for action
Disprove an allegation
Discover the cause, manner and location of an offence/event

Answer 197

Tight timeline for action

Question 198

With the special mindset required of a good investigator, which of the following are known to impact the outcome of an investigation?

Cognitive mistakes
Personal emotions, bias or past experience
Client pressure or other external influences
All of the above

Answer 198

All of the above

Question 199

Conviction and certainty are the two greatest tools of an effective investigator when sorting through evidence.

True
False

Answer 199

False

Question 200

______ occurs when there is a narrow focus on a limited range of alternatives to the exclusion of the larger set of circumstances surrounding the event.

Groupthink
Intuition
Tunnel vision
Fatigue

Answer 200

Tunnel vision

Question 201

Using ______ as a decision-making process suggests an unconscious, automatic process where decisions are reached based on prior experience and mental shortcuts.

Assumptions
Perception
Groupthink
Intuition

Answer 201

Intuition

Question 202

International research has repeatedly shown the high rate of accuracy in witness statements, including the identification of suspects.

True
False

Answer 202

False

Question 203

Which of the following is NOT a ramification of investigators failing to pay attention to possible cognitive failures during an investigation?

Information may be overlooked
All avenues of inquiry will be identified
Evidence may be lost
The wrong party may be accused

Answer 203

All avenues of inquiry will be identified

Question 204

Diane is an experienced insurance investigator. She is contacted by a leading insurance firm to conduct an investigation into a suspected personal injury fraud. She needs to obtain details of the injuries reported by the victim at the time. The client insists that she use whatever methods are necessary to obtain the information. Diane has organized surveillance on the subject. Which of the following statements would be correct, regarding obtaining medical information on the subject?

Diane may use any medical information in her investigation that is lawfully provided by the client.
Diane may obtain details of the subject’s injuries direct from the doctor who gave initial treatment since it is the subject of a possible criminal investigation.
Diane may request a copy of the doctor’s report from the subject, their lawyer or the client and she may lawfully refer to it during the investigation.
Diane may trick the subject into signing a medical release authorization.

Answer 204

Diane may request a copy of the doctor’s report from the subject, their lawyer or the client and she may lawfully refer to it during the investigation.

Question 205

Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding what makes an effective investigation?

The investigator was diligent in the collection of evidence and statements.
The investigator took steps to address the safety of all involved.
The investigator treated all parties involved with respect and dignity.
If there was an offence, the investigator identified the person(s) responsible and collected sufficient evidence to prove the case in court.
All of the above are correct.

Answer 205

All of the above are correct.

Question 206

Which of the following are ways we may find out or verify information to fill in knowledge gaps during an investigation?

Bankruptcy checks/PPSA checks etc.
Online research
Consider surveillance on the subject
All of the above
None of the above

Answer 206

All of the above

Question 207

John is conducting an in-house theft investigation for a large oil company. He has already completed three witness interviews and still needs to speak with the suspect. He knows that the original budget he was given will not be enough to complete the investigation. Which of the following courses of action, if any, are correct?

John should continue with the investigation and inform the client in due course that he requires more money.
John should stop the investigation until a further budget is agreed with the client.
John should update the case file and inform his manager.
John should continue investigating since his client is a large oil firm and budget is not an issue.

Answer 207

John should update the case file and inform his manager.

Question 208

Tanya is assigned to obtain a statement from a witness to an assault. As she begins to take notes it becomes apparent that the “witness” did not see much of what actually happened as she was talking on her cellphone at the time. The witness’ friend, whom she was with, had seen the assault occur and described it to her immediately afterwards. Which, if any, of the following statements are correct?

Tanya should continue taking the statement, including in it everything the witness tells her. Hearsay evidence can be admissible in some cases.
Tanya should end the interview immediately and stop taking the statement. It is hearsay evidence and not admissible.
Tanya should complete the interview of the witness and determine the identity of the witness’ friend and interview that person as well.
Tanya should continue with the interview but not the statement.

Answer 208

Tanya should complete the interview of the witness and determine the identity of the witness’ friend and interview that person as well.

Question 209

Which of the following best describes an interview conducted by a private investigator?

Designed to provide a story the investigator can prove as false.
Designed to have the suspect provide an admission of facts and a confession of guilt.
A planned, confrontational and accusatory conversation with a suspect.
A planned, cooperative and voluntary two-way conversation, usually with a victim or witness.

Answer 209

A planned, cooperative and voluntary two-way conversation, usually with a victim or witness.

Question 210

You are interviewing a woman on suspicion of theft from the workplace. As you begin to disclose your evidence to her the woman complains she is feeling dizzy and ill. You notice she is pale and sweating. What should your next action be?

Carry on with the interview since it is almost finished but keep observations on the woman.
Do nothing. This is a tactic used by a guilty person to stall for time.
Stop the interview immediately and call a paramedic.
Offer to stop the interview immediately and obtain medical help if the woman needs it.

Answer 210

Offer to stop the interview immediately and obtain medical help if the woman needs it.

Question 211

Which of the following is NOT a part of the PEACE acronym?

Planning and Preparation
Engage and Explain
Account
Creativity
Evaluate

Answer 211

Creativity

Question 212

Cognitive interviews work best for witnesses who are having difficulty recalling events.

True
False

Answer 212

True

Question 213

When questioning a person who is a suspect or target of an investigation, which of the following methods of obtaining evidence would least likely result in rendering the information obtained as inadmissible?

Offering deals as an inducement to confess.
Misleading the suspect as to the evidence against them.
Using an informal approach while interviewing.
Failing to provide an appropriate adult, lawyer or interpreter.
Failing to provide medical treatment.

Answer 213

Using an informal approach while interviewing.

Question 214

When taking a statement, which of the following is considered best practice and the best way to ensure obtaining the fullest and most accurate account?

Have the witness write out their own statement.
The investigator obtains the account by interviewing the witness and then writing the statement him/herself, relying upon detailed notes taken during the interview.
Have the audio recording from the interview session transcribed in written form, and then presented to the witness for signature at a later date.
None of the above.

Answer 214

The investigator obtains the account by interviewing the witness and then writing the statement him/herself, relying upon detailed notes taken during the interview.

Question 215

Formal statements should include which of the following?

Date of interview
Full name of the witness, date of birth, identification
Verbatim (word for word) transcription of the witness’ recollection of the events
Signature of the witness
All of the above

Answer 215

All of the above

Question 216

“Please tell me in as much detail as possible about what happened” is a great opening question in an interview.

True
False

Answer 216

True

Question 217

Which of the following is NOT one of the tips for an investigation?

Interrupting to clarify points
Consent
Setting
Recap

Answer 217

Interrupting to clarify points

Question 218

When conducting surveillance, investigators should think about following professional standards and operational guidelines.

True
False

Answer 218

True

Question 219

The purpose of covert surveillance is to observe individuals or premises, place or things without being detected and to observe the subject in their natural and true state.

True
False

Answer 219

True

Question 220

As with any investigative technique, information collected during surveillance, including video recordings, is the property of:

the court
the client
the investigator
none of the above

Answer 220

The client

Question 221

Legislation, and some client policies, direct that video surveillance may only be done

from public places
by recording what is in plain sight
all of the above
none of the above

Answer 221

All of the above

Question 222

Which of the following covert recordings would most likely be considered lawful surveillance?

The video recording you make while impersonating a cable TV worker standing on a ladder, looking down into the private yard of a surveillance target.
The video recording you captured of a surveillance target (who you are investigating for abuse of disability leave) doing yoga in a public park.
Using GPS tracking devices on a client’s company vehicles to check up on a client’s workers and try to determine how well they are doing their jobs.
The audio recording you captured of a surveillance target chatting to a business partner inside a fitness club locker room while you are posing as a trainer in the facility.
All of the above.
None of the above.

Answer 222

The video recording you captured of a surveillance target (who you are investigating for abuse of disability leave) doing yoga in a public park.

Question 223

Which of the following stipulations from the OPC report titled Guidance on Covert Video Surveillance in the Private Sector must be in place for covert video surveillance to be permitted?

There is demonstrated evidentiary need for the surveillance
Evidence that would be collected by the surveillance achieves specifically the intended purpose.
Less privacy-invasive measures have already been attempted or considered.
All of the above.
None of the above.

Answer 223

All of the above

Question 224

Provincial Privacy legislation dictates that covert surveillance captured with CCTV is always illegal and inadmissible in court even if it has been installed in a private place at the behest of the company and recording in normal work areas.

True
False

Answer 224

False

Question 225

Which of the following is NOT one of the three phases to surveillance?

Preparation
Delivery of information
Activation
Execution

Answer 225

Activation

Question 226

As in most jobs, the preparation is the foundation and will likely define how successful you are going to be.

True
False

Answer 226

True

Question 227

Preparing for surveillance includes three areas of concern: 1. You as the investigator 2. Your equipment 3. Your location

True
False

Answer 227

True

Question 228

Reasons surveillance may be conducted in teams may include:

the subject’s aggressive driving nature
multiple points of exit from a given location
the subject’s ability to run counter surveillance
all of the above

Answer 228

All of the above

Question 229

Reasons surveillance may be conducted in teams may include:

the subject’s aggressive driving nature
multiple points of exit from a given location
the subject’s ability to run counter surveillance
all of the above

Answer 229

All of the above

Question 230

Evidence may be used to…

prove or disprove a set of facts or circumstances
implicate or exonerate a person
identify persons, places or entities
All of the above

Answer 230

All of the above

Question 231

______ is the most frequent evidence available.

direct evidence
circumstantial evidence
physical evidence
none of the above

Answer 231

Circumstantial evidence

Question 232

______ is evidence that supports a premise or assertion, such as witness testimony of seeing someone do something suspicious without actually witnessing the crimes. When put together with other evidence, it paints a picture of what happened, but perhaps not the full picture.

direct evidence
circumstantial evidence
physical evidence
none of the above

Answer 232

Circumstantial evidence

Question 233

Surveillance video that entirely captured a drunk driver causing an accident where a person was seriously injured would be considered:

direct evidence
circumstantial evidence
verbal evidence
documentary evidence

Answer 233

Documentary evidence

Question 234

______ supports the truth of an assertion without relying on additional evidence to show an action or inaction occurred.

direct evidence
circumstantial evidence
verbal evidence
none of the above

Answer 234

Direct evidence

Question 235

Physical evidence that is very small or even invisible to the untrained eye (ex. crime scene fingerprints or footprints) is called

hearsay evidence
trace evidence
real evidence

Answer 235

Trace evidence

Question 236

A witness presents a statement that was made to them by another person, who is not present at the trial is called

documentary evidence
trace evidence
hearsay evidence
physical evidence

Answer 236

Hearsay evidence

Question 237

Evidence of a witness who doesn’t appear to understand the nature of an oath or a solemn affirmation is called

unsworn evidence
documentary evidence
real evidence
hearsay evidence

Answer 237

unsworn evidence

Question 238

In the collection of evidence, the investigator must be able to honestly and accurately testify in court that the physical evidence being presented is the same as originally found, still in the same condition as when first found, and can be verified as to who has handled it or had access to it, and how it was securely stored in the time since it was first found. This is known as:

Continuity of Evidence
Chain of Continuity
Chain of Custody
All of the above

Answer 238

All of the above

Question 239

The rules regarding continuity do not apply to the use of photographs as evidence because they are not considered physical evidence.

True
False

Answer 239

False

Question 240

Forensic evidence is usually understood as some form of physical evidence that will undergo scientific processes and examination for a legal purpose.

True
False

Answer 240

True

Question 241

How should medium sized evidence objects be collected?

placed in a sealable container that will not chemically react or impact the liquid, should be sealed with tape, investigator should put the time, date and his or her initials on the seal
identify the object by placing their initials in a discreet place on the object for verification later
Usually placed in an envelope or paper bag and the container should be sealed with tape and the investigator should add the time, date and initial the seal.

Answer 241

Usually placed in an envelope or paper bag and the container should be sealed with tape and the investigator should add the time, date and initial the seal.

Question 242

When conducting an internet search, placing quotation marks around a person’s name or a phrase with multiple words will narrow down the number of relevant hits by only searching for that specific name or phrase and not search hits for each word individually.

True
False

Answer 242

True

Question 243

A Boolean search will tie two terms together with a conjunction such as and, or, or not, to greatly narrow the search and yield more refined and possibly relevant search results.

True
False

Answer 243

True

Question 244

Criss-cross directories show:

phone numbers and addresses
phone numbers and postal codes
all of the above
none of the above

Answer 244

phone numbers and addresses

Question 245

Which of the following will a Personal Property Security Registration (PPSR) search NOT help an investigator do?

search land title records
identify a lien associated with a subject
find links to a business or collateral that is shown as a security for payment of a debt
all of the above

Answer 245

search land title records

Question 246

Undercover work is more complex than regular investigative work and would possibly require significant prior planning which may include:

Specific direction on the target(s) of the investigation
A briefing on each of the behaviour(s)/infractions/activities to look for
Operational and safety guidelines for the investigator
What the role and duties of the undercover “employee” will be
All of the above

Answer 246

All of the above

Question 247

Prank calling is another form of undercover work that uses a phone call (or in person at the door) employing a deception (ie. impersonating someone else).

True
False

Answer 247

False

Question 248

Typically, it is the job of the investigator’s client to watch for any signs of “burn out” on the part of an undercover operator.

True
False

Answer 248

False

Question 249

Committing crimes in an effort to establish your undercover persona and gain the trust of targets is an acceptable and necessary practice to carry out effective undercover work.

True
False

Answer 249

False

Question 250

Which of the following are important considerations in working with confidential sources?

a client or agency manager’s authorization
investigator’s safety in meeting with the source
the source’s expectations and guarantees of agency/client’s confidentiality
the source’s motivation
all of the above

Answer 250

All of the above

Question 251

Investigation File Management is a process that involves:

staff/resource/budget management
evidence collection and documentation
witness interviews
perpetrator identification and location
All of the above

Answer 251

All of the above

Question 252

Which of the following would provide the least challenge to effective case management?

Investigator fatigue
Coping with massive amounts of complex data and evidence
Identifying linkages between evidence and individuals
Accessing copies of relevant legislation
Budget implications
Managing competing demands for services and resources

Answer 252

Accessing copies of relevant legislation

Question 253

Ontario’s Rules of Civil Procedure set out the rules for service of documents that may be utilized by the courts, and the manner in which cases proceed through the civil courts.

True
False

Answer 253

True

Question 254

Which of the following documents may be involved in civil proceedings?

Statements of Claim
Petitions for Divorce
Motions brought before the Court
All of the above

Answer 254

All of the above

Question 255

Which document needs to be completed to prove that a document has been served and delivered to the individual or entity named?

Statement of Claim
Affidavit of Service
Summons to Witness
Service Master Claim

Answer 255

Affidavit of service

Question 256

Under the Rules of Civil Procedure, a document is considered served when:

It is served personally upon the individual.
The person serving the document hands it to the person named.
The person serving identify clearly the person that is being served at the time of service by having the person verbally identify themselves by name.
An Affidavit of Service is sworn in the presence of a lawyer or commissioner of oaths
All of the above

Answer 256

All of the above

Question 257

The concepts of ethics and professionalism are the same.

True
False

Answer 257

False

Question 258

Ethics act as guides for organizational behaviours.

True
False

Answer 258

True

Question 259

You can be personally sued for the decisions you make while investigating.

True
False

Answer 259

True

Question 260

Acting ethically means blowing the whistle on other employees you witness doing unethical things.

True
False

Answer 260

True

Question 261

It is permissible to release personal information about a client to the media concerning an investigation if the information is true.

True
False

Answer 261

False

Question 262

Obtaining consent from the target of the investigation is rarely necessary.

True
False

Answer 262

False

Question 263

Harassment is a violation of the Criminal Code of Canada.

True
False

Answer 263

True

Question 264

______ is moral philosophy that involves systematizing, defending and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct.

Religion
Morality
Ethics
None of the above

Answer 264

Ethics

Question 265

A person who makes a moral decision, even though he or she may not recognize that moral issues are at stake, may be referred to as a:

Moral issue
Moral agent
Ethical decision
None of the above

Answer 265

Moral agent

Question 266

A decision that is both legal and morally acceptable to the larger community.

Moral issue
Moral agent
Ethical decision
None of the above

Answer 266

Ethical decision

Question 267

This is present where a person’s actions, when freely performed, may harm or benefit others and the decision to be made involves choice, or volition, on the part of the actor or decision maker and the action to be taken has consequences for others.

Moral issue
Moral agent
Ethical decision
None of the above

Answer 267

Moral issue

Question 268

The basic premise of Utilitarian Ethics is that actions provide the greatest balance of good over bad are the best ethical or moral choices.

True
False

Answer 268

True

Question 269

Which of the following are the basic rights we have under The Rights Approach?

The right not to be injured
The right to the truth
The right to what is agreed
The right to privacy
All of the above

Answer 269

All of the above

Question 270

Using the Common Good approach, our ethical choices would ensure that the social policies, systems, institutions and environments on which we commonly depend are beneficial to all.

True
False

Answer 270

True

Question 271

Created by our senses, intuition, experience, etc., situational awareness helps shape our understanding and knowledge of the situation when we receive information (regardless of the source) that is relevant to a decision we must make.

True
False

Answer 271

True

Question 272

For professional investigators, which of the following is NOT a core principle of professionalism?

Demonstrate highest standards of competence.
Maintain solidarity and confidentiality with investigative colleagues in cases where ethical dealings may be questioned.
Be motivated by professional objectives rather than personal concerns.
Treat co-workers, clients and others with dignity, respect and compassion.
Act as a mentor to others.

Answer 272

Maintain solidarity and confidentiality with investigative colleagues in cases where ethical dealings may be questioned

Question 273

In the interest of meeting your investigative plan, it is sometimes necessary to expand the range of the investigation beyond the original scope. But even if the legal authority to do this could be questionable, the outcome of delivering the client’s lawful request for information is a worthy goal.

True
False

Answer 273

False

Question 274

Even if they are aware of their own prejudice, discrimination or stereotyping and keep them in check, investigators should know the difference between these concepts as they will receive information (statements or other forms of evidence) in their investigative work from people who may base their opinions on prejudice, discrimination or stereotyping.

True
False

Answer 274

True

Question 275

Generalizations about others, both unwarranted and unfounded on the basis of available evidence and reducing complex phenomena to simplistic explanations that are generalized to a whole category without acknowledging individual differences is known as

stereotyping
prejudice
discrimination
none of the above

Answer 275

Stereotyping

Question 276

_____ refers to negative, often unconscious and preconceived notions about others; prejudicing persons or situations in order to impose definition and order on the world around us.

stereotyping
prejudice
discrimination
none of the above

Answer 276

Prejudice

Question 277

Discrimination consists of the process by which we put our prejudgments into practice.

True
False

Answer 277

True

Question 278

Nonverbal communication can constitute over 90% of a message.

True
False

Answer 278

True

Question 279

Active listening is an important method for gaining cooperation and compliance during communication.

True
False

Answer 279

True

Question 280

To empathize with someone means to feel sorry for him or her.

True
False

Answer 280

False

Question 281

An individual with the smell of alcohol on his or her breath has been drinking.

True
False

Answer 281

False

Question 282

Field notes can be referred to during testimony at courts, tribunals and administrative hearings.

True
False

Answer 282

True

Question 283

The requirement for objectivity in reports means that they should not vary according to their audience.

True
False

Answer 283

True

Question 284

Which of the following can be potential barriers or challenges to communication?

Relationship between subject and witness.
Attitude of the investigator.
Physical or cognitive disabilities.
Preconceptions of the witness.
All of the above.

Answer 284

All of the above

Question 285

3 things which should not impact your communication in your role as a professional investigator are bias, discrimination and harassment.

True
False

Answer 285

True

Question 286

Attitudes or behaviours which frustrate you the most and cause you to become impatient are known as:

Limits
Buttons
Triggers
None of the above

Answer 286

Triggers

Question 287

Which of the following are strategies for managing triggers?

Putting an end to conversations or situations which would typically trigger your frustration.
Changing the subject back to the matter at hand.
Redirecting their speech by asking them questions which they should want to answer.
All of the above.

Answer 287

All of the above

Question 288

Which of the following are the recommended responses to dealing with intoxicated persons?

Continue monitoring to ensure safety for the individual, the public and yourself.
When possible, call for assistance if an intoxicated individual behaves in an unruly manner.
Give short, clear instructions.
Do not try and reason with the individual.
All of the above.

Answer 288

All of the above

Question 289

Which of the following perceived signs could be indicators that someone is lying or intentionally deceiving you?

Eye contact: not willing to look you in the eye
Body postures: how a person stands, sits or moves their arms or legs
Verbal responses: Intonation, delayed responses or not responding directly to questions.
A and C only
All of the above
None of the above

Answer 289

All of the above

Question 290

Which of the following are purposes for which field notes are useful? (Click all that apply)

Improving an investigators’ abilities to recall information correctly.
As a method to describe events as soon as is practical after an event.
Assisting in the drafting of a more comprehensive report.
As a method to ensure accountability.

Answer 290

All of them
Improving an investigators’ abilities to recall information correctly.
As a method to describe events as soon as is practical after an event.
Assisting in the drafting of a more comprehensive report.
As a method to ensure accountability.

Question 291

If your field notes were to be accessed through privacy legislation, which of the following should NOT be included?

Evidence of erasures or items blackened out.
Date, location and file references.
Notations, such as personal opinions of witnesses and targets, that may impact the investigation’s integrity.
All of the above

Answer 291

Notations, such as personal opinions of witnesses and targets, that may impact the investigation’s integrity.

Question 292

Keeping organized and accurate field notes is important given that judges, people in charge of tribunals or inquiries, and lawyers may ask to see your notes if you used those notes to refresh your memory for the hearing.

True
False

Answer 292

True

Question 293

All reports may be subject to review through privacy legislation. The credibility of the investigator and the investigator’s company will be judged by the quality of the reports.

True
False

Answer 293

True

Question 294

Administrative reports already have headings where investigators simply insert information. Operational reports, on the other hand, may be much more complicated.

True
False

Answer 294

True

Question 295

Conduct outlined in the criminal code of Canada, s 264 as constituting harassment causing another or other person “reasonable, in all the circumstances, to fear for their safety or the safety of anyone known to them” includes which of the following?

Repeatedly following from place to place the other person or anyone known to them.

Repeatedly communicating with, either directly or indirectly, the other person or anyone know to them.
Besetting or watching the dwelling house, or place where the other person, or anyone known to them, resides, works, carries on business or happens to be.
Engaging in threading conduct directed at the other person or any member of their family.
None of the above
All of the above

Answer 295

All of the above

Question 296

Professional investigators know their own personal triggers & expect them to be set off during their career

True
False

Answer 296

True

Question 297

Evidence can be physical (ex video surveillance footage, blood, a signed statement, a weapon, a document or photo) or verbal (ex a statement from a video)

True
False

Answer 297

True

Question 298

When you perceive a threat, your nervous system responds by releasing a flood of stress hormones, including adrenaline and cortisol. What are some of the responses?

your heart pounds faster and blood pressure rises
breath quickens and muscles tighten
your senses become sharper
all of the above

Question 299

The signs and symptoms of stress overload can be almost anything. Stress affects the mind, body, and behavior in many ways, and everyone experiences stress differently.

True
False

Question 300

When you sense danger – whether it’s real or imagined – the body’s defenses kick into high gear in a rapid, automatic process known as:

the “fight or flight” reaction
the “fuss or fidget” reaction
the “grin and bear it” reaction
the “exaggerate and explode” reaction

Question 301

which driving analogy do Psychologists use to describe the three most common ways people respond when they’re overwhelmed by stress:

foot on the gas
foot on the brake
foot on both
all of the above

Question 302

Your ability to tolerate stress depends on many factors, including the quality of your relationships, your general outlook on life, your emotional intelligence, and genetics.

True
False

Question 303

When practiced regularly yoga, meditation, and deep breathing will not activate the body’s relaxation response.

True
False

Question 304

There are many healthy ways to manage and cope with stress, but they all require change. You can either change the situation or change your reaction. When deciding which option to choose, it’s helpful to think of the four A’s: avoid, alter, adapt, or accept.

True
False

Question 305

POSEC is an acronym for:

Prioritize by Optimizing, Streamlining, Economizing and Contributing
Popularize by Organizing, Streamlining, Economizing and Contributing
Prioritize by Organizing, Streamlining, Economizing and Contributing
Popularize by Optimizing, Streamlining, Economizing and Contributing

Question 306

Surveillances and undercover operations are used regularly if there is no other way that will work as well to get needed information.

True
False

Question 307

Team Roles Model is based on nine team roles, categorized into three groups: Action Oriented, People Oriented, and Thought Oriented.

True
False