Private Investigator Flashcards by Dee Towns

Investigators may NOT use which of the following techniques during a case?

surveillance  targeted interviews  ”bug” someone’s cellphone  collection of open source intelligence.

“bug” someone’s cellphone

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Investigators make inquiries, collect information and create reports for:

government bodies  insurance companies  private individuals  all of the above

all of the above

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In playing a significant role in the safety and security of Ontario citizens, licensed private investigators may perform which of the following?

work with Police to investigate corporate or insurance crime.
gather information for lawyers about defendants or witnesses in criminal or civil cases.  conduct pre-employment checks.  all of the above

all of the above

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In collecting the evidence they need for a criminal case, investigators may NOT:

contact Police  break traffic laws while following the subject.  take photographs and video of events.  search through public or client records.

break traffic laws while following the subject

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Regardless of the type of investigation, an investigator is expected to:

behave in a discreet, ethical and professional manner.  maintain procedural fairness.  maintain objectivity.  all of the above

all of the above

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Which of the following is NOT a general principle that guides all investigations?

decision making is based on a “hunch”.  investigations are conducted in an objective manner, absent of bias.  investigations are conducted in a lawful and transparent manner.  professional processes are followed and documented.

decision making is based on a “hunch”

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Which of the following is NOT part of a new investigative plan file?

identify the purpose or goal of the investigation.  clarify the scope of the investigation.  liaise with law enforcement.  identify required resources.  identify budget.

liaise with law enforcement

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A common issue an investigator will need to address is managing client expectations of what is possible and?

affordable  efficient  legal  none of the above

legal

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As a licensed investigator you have the expertise needed to do any investigation.

True  False

False

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As an investigator hired by the client to find a private individual, you can release any information you find to your client.

True  False

False

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In locating an individual for a person who then assaults the individual, you could be charged as party to the offense.

True  False

True

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Which of the following would be considered specialized areas of investigation?

Regulatory enforcement.  Loss prevention.  Worker’s compensation.  Securities.  All of the above

All of the above

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In-house/internal investigations typically focus on issues of:

compliance with standards, policies, codes of behaviour or regulations.  internal theft/fraud.  inventory loss/theft.  allegations of inappropriate, unethical or illegal behaviour.  all of the above

All of the above

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In Regulatory investigations, Investigators are often tasked with inquiring into:

public complaints alleging breaches of the professional code of ethics.  internal complaints of harassment or discrimination.  breaches of professional practice.  all of the above

All of the above

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In Barrister and Solicitor investigations, when an investigator uncovers findings that are detrimental to the case, the investigator must:

present them in ways that colour the findings as beneficial.  get approval or additional direction from the client before presenting them to the lawyer.  provide them to the lawyer, whether beneficial to the case or not.  suppress that information for the benefit of the client and the case.

provide them to the lawyer, whether beneficial to the case or not

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A solid understanding of privacy law and regulations is required to be successful in Location of Persons investigations.

True  False

True

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Location of Persons investigations are often referred to as:

Finds  MIAs  Locates  None of the above

Locates

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In Locations of Persons investigations, investigators must be aware of access to information issues. If the information can be found in publicly available information, it can be released to the client directly.

True  False

True

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The ability to access and search many databases is key to success in the field of Corporate and Due Diligence investigations.

True  False

True

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Insurance investigators usually break down into three areas: the in-house investigator, the background and statement taking investigator, and the surveillance investigator.

True  False

True

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Loss Prevention investigators are unique in that they are most likely to be arresting individuals for crimes. Their ability to arrest is based on the citizen’s power of arrest under the Criminal Code of Canada.

True  False

True

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All investigators require the same skills and background knowledge.

True  False

False

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An occupational health and safety investigator can face a number of risks and hazards which could include:

chemicals  gas and oil spills  structural hazards  electrical hazards  all of the above

All of the above

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Once an investigator receives their license, they have all the skills needed to embark on any investigation.

True  False

False

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Which field(s) of specialized investigation is most likely to include physically arresting people? In-house  Occupational health and safety.  Retail  Barristers and solicitors

Retail

In conducting a “locate” or a private client inquiry, the investigator must be aware of: Motive of the client.  Disclosure of personal information.  Risk of being party to an offence.  All of the above

All of the above

Simply by obtaining a license as a private investigator, a new investigator can start business and take in clients. True  False

False

The only insurance required for an investigations company is for worker’s compensation. True  False

False

A services agreement or contract setting out fees and the work to be performed is one of the most important documents to agree on at the start of a new client assignment. True  False

True

It is important to fully understand and abide by individual client guidelines on such things as surveillance procedures, format of reports and billing procedures. True  False

True

Investigators entering the field need to develop experience in the business side of investigations and be prepared to: manage or operate a successful business.  comply with appropriate legislation.  mitigate risks unique to their industry.  all of the above

All of the above

The PSISA defines a Private Investigator as a person who performs work, for remuneration, that consists primarily of conducting investigations in order to provide information on the following: the character or actions of a person.  the business or occupation of a person.  the whereabouts of persons or property.  all of the above

All the above

The PSISA outlines a Code of Conduct that business licensees must enforce for all individual licensees it employs or engages the services of. Which of the following is NOT TRUE of that Code of Conduct? An individual licensee shall refrain from using profane, abusive or insulting language or actions that are otherwise uncivil to any member of the public.  An individual licensee shall exercise due force while on duty when the licensee recognizes it as necessary to the performance of the individual licensee's duties. An individual licensee shall not willfully or negligently make a false statement or complaint against another licensee. An individual licensee shall not be unfit for duty, while working, through consumption of alcohol or drugs.

An individual licensee shall exercise due force while on duty when the licensee recognizes it as necessary to the performance of the individual licensee's duties

Duty of Care” may be defined as a requirement that a person act toward others and the public with watchfulness, attention, caution and prudence that a reasonable person in the circumstances would. If a person’s actions do not meet this standard of care, then the acts are considered negligent, and any damages resulting may be claimed in a lawsuit for negligence. True  False

True

The investigation industry in Ontario, including both individual investigators and the agencies that employ them, is regulated by the Federal Ministry of Justice. True  False

False (MCSCS)

Which of the following basic qualifications are NOT needed to qualify for a license as a private investigator under the PSISA? the person possesses a clean criminal record. the person is 18 years old or older. the person is entitled to work in Canada. the person has successfully passed. firearms training.

firearms training

Once licensed, an investigator is required by law to carry their license with them at all times. True  False

False

An investigator is not required by law to show proof of licensing upon request by a member of the public if doing so may impede their ability to effectively perform their duties. True  False

True

The Registrar may decline to issue or renew a license if the applicant is liable to pay a fine for a provincial offense that has not been paid. True  False

True

Though there are some limitations on the role and duties of licensed investigators, because of their training, they have more lawful authority or privilege to conduct an inquiry than private citizens. True  False

False

Which of the following tasks are licensed investigators NOT allowed to conduct? access confidential databases such as criminal records  intercept private communications  execute search warrants  all of the above

All of the above

There may be instances where a client asks an investigator to step outside their lawful authority, or engage in unethical practices. Which of the following real life examples would fall within their lawful authority? Plant a hidden listening device in a company boardroom. Observe a disability insurance claimant to see if he is working at another job while he is claiming disability. Track down the hiding abused wife for a battering husband.  Illicitly obtain the intellectual property of a competing company.

Observe a disability insurance claimant to see if he is working at another job while he is claiming disability.

The PSISA and Regulations specifies a Code of Conduct for licensed private investigators. Which of the following does the Code of Conduct NOT allow for a licensed private investigator? Use of excessive force in any situation the investigator deems necessary.  Act with honesty and integrity. Treat all persons without discrimination.  Avoid using profanity.

Use of excessive force in any situation the investigator deems necessary.

If in the exercise of his or her duties an investigator has cause to use force, the government gives a “benefit of the doubt” understanding that given their training and license, the investigator exercises adequate professional judgement in the use of force. Only in situations where a complaint is lodged are reports necessary. True  False

False

The purpose, in part, of a formal complaints process is to ensure that Codes of Conduct are upheld and investigations are conducted with integrity. True  False

True

Under Part 5 of the PSISA, after the action or circumstance giving rise to the complaint occurs, any person may make a complaint about an investigator in writing to the Registrar within: 30 days  60 days  90 days  None of the above

90 days

Under Part 5 of the PSISA, which of the following is NOT TRUE about how the Registrar must deal with complaints about investigators? The Registrar may deem the complaint frivolous and vexatious or made in bad faith.  If the Registrar considers the complaint as a breach of the Code of Conduct, the Registrar shall refer the complaint to a facilitator.  The Registrar may disregard the facilitator's recommendations and impose their remedial instructions as a condition of the license.  All of the above.

The Registrar may disregard the facilitator's recommendations and impose their remedial instructions as a condition of the license.

Under Part 5 of the PSISA, if a complaint goes to facilitation, the facilitation shall not take place without the participation of the complainant and the licensee must attend any meetings required by the facilitator. True  False

True

Under Part 5 of the PSISA, both the Registrar and an appointed investigator may initiate an investigation based on a complaint alleging a contravention of this Act, the regulations or a condition of a license. True  False

True

Under Part 5 of the PSISA, a warrant issued shall name a date of expiry, which shall be no later than 30 days after the warrant is issued, but a Justice of the Peace may extend the date of expiry for an additional period of no more than 60 days, on application without notice by the investigator named in the warrant. True  False

False

An investigator may take possession of a license, if while acting in the course of his or her duties, the investigator believes on reasonable grounds that the license is required to be returned to the Registrar under the Act or is being used contrary to the Act. True  False

True

You are required by occupational health and safety law to identify hazards through an assessment and prepare written reports outlining mitigation measures, prior to commencing work at a site. True  False

True

Everyone has responsibilities under the OHS Act, Regulations and Code, “not knowing” is not a viable excuse or reason to not follow the law. True  False

True

You do not have to follow the “Hierarchy of Controls” (elimination, engineering, administrative, personal protective equipment) because you are going to solely rely on your client to do this for you. True  False

False

You do not have any obligation to stop unsafe work conditions or practices at a workplace because it is the client’s responsibility. True  False

False

Which of the following are examples of personal information that you need to be aware of protecting as an investigator? telephone number.  name,age,weight,height. credit records, loan records. visual images such as photos and videos where the subject may be identified. all of the above.

All of the above

The Federal legislation known as PIPEDA stands for: Professional Investigators and Private Eye Duty Act. Private Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act. Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act. None of the above

Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act.

When it comes to privacy legislation, the concept of a reasonable person is based on what a normal, cautious and prudent person if he or she was presented with all of the evidence and various perspectives, would think is reasonable with regard to the collection, use and disclosure of personal information. True  False

True

In Ontario, like B.C., Alberta and Quebec, the private sector privacy legislation has been deemed substantially similar to PIPEDA; therefore PIPEDA does not supersede FIPPA in Ontario. True  False

False

Which of the following legislation governs records that are in the custody or under the control of municipalities and some related institutions? PIPA  FIPPA  PIPEDA  MFIPPA  All of the above  None of the above

MFIPPA

PIPEDA applies to employee information only in connection with Federal works, undertakings or businesses. True  False

True

When collecting, using and disclosing personal information, licensed business entities must always have the consent of the person to whom the personal information belongs. True  False

False

Under which circumstances, if any, may an organization collect personal information without the consent or knowledge of the individual? The collection is solely for journalistic, artistic or literary purposes.  The information is publicly available and is specified by the regulations.  It is reasonable to expect that the collection with the knowledge or consent of the individual would compromise the availability or the accuracy of the information.  The collection is reasonable for purposes related to investigating a breach of an agreement or a contravention of the laws of Canada or a Province. All of the above. None of the above.

All of the above

Which of the following privacy-conscious policies and practices regarding investigations and video surveillance could an employer take to ensure PIPEDA compliance? Use video surveillance as a last resort to be used only after all other avenues of collecting personal information have been exhausted.  The decision to undertake video surveillance should be made at a very senior level of the organization.  The private investigator should be instructed to collect personal information in accordance with the Act, being especially mindful of Principle 4.4.  All of the above.

All of the above

An employer may place a GPS tracking device on any car that an employee is using to conduct company business if it is deemed necessary to track its location in order to investigate a breach of contract situation. True  False

False

WHMIS stands for: Worker Hazard Mitigation Information System.  Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System.  Work Hazard Materials Intervention System. None of the above.

Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System.

Under WHMIS, which of the following ways must information be provided on hazardous materials? supplier labels and workplace labels on hazardous materials containers.  material safety data sheets  worker education programs.  all of the above.  none of the above.

All of the above

All workers have the legal right to refuse unsafe work, if they feel (with good reason) that they (or others) may be put in harm’s way. True  False

True

FIPPA

Freedom of information and protection of Privacy Act

PIPEDA

Personal information protection and Electronic Documents Act

MFIPPA

Municipal Freedom of information and Protection of Privacy Act

Code of Conduct

What kind of behaviour is appropriate or inappropriate

PSISA

Private Security & Investigator Services Act

Duty of Care

A requirement that a person act toward others and the public with watchfulness, attention, caution and prudence that a reasonable person in the circumstances would

Direct evidence

Testimony of a person with respect to someone that person witnessed directly

Circumstantial evidence

Evidence that relates to a series of facts other than the particular facts ought to be proved

Hearsay evidence

Witness presents a statement that was made to them by another person, who is not present at trial

Admissions

Voluntary admissions made by an accused and reported by another witness fall outside the hearsay rule and may be admissible

Admissible evidence

Is relevant evidence to a proceeding that has not been excluded by a judge

Documentary evidence

Any written thing capable of being made evidence no matter on what material it may be inscribed.. including- books, video, photos, computer

Real evidence

Physical evidence refers to items present in court

Trace evidence

Finger prints, foot prints, piece of clothing, hair

Lay (opinion) evidence

A opinion of a person who is not qualified as an expert

Unsworn evidence

Evidence of a Witness who doesn’t appear to understand the nature of an oath or a solemn affirmation

S.T.O.P. Principle

S-stop before you do anything T-think about hazard or condition, how it can harm you O-observe the circumstances and evaluate/assess the situation P-plan your next step(s) including required mitigation measures

The Provincial Offences Act

Outlines the measures taken when dealing with violations of provincial & municipal laws

The Employment Standards Act

The Ontario ministry of labour oversees the application of the employment standards Act

Occupational Health and Safety Act (OHSA)

Safe work environment for Employees to work in

What are the two Federal privacy Acts

Privacy Act PIPEDA (Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act

Provincial Laws - Ontario

FIPPA- Freedom of information and protection of privacy Act MFIPPA- Municipal freedom of information and protection of privacy Act Personal health information protection Act

Ontario evidence Act & Canada Evidence Act

Relation to the processing the admissibility / inadmissibility of evidence and who is eligible to give evidence

Examination in chief

Witness will tell the story as he/her knows it - leading questions are not allowed except for introduce the witness- your name so & so?

Cross examination

Conducted by the opposing side, this will be occasion to show inconsistencies in the witness’s story -leading question are permitted with approval of the court

Re-examination

This is conducted for the purpose of clarifying a particular point. No new evidence & no leading questions

Rebuttal evidence

Evidence is to deal with new points brought up by the defence

Surrebuttal evidence

Evidence is only to deal with rebuttal evidence and no new issues can be raised

Communication during marriage

No husband / wife is compelled to disclose any communication made to him or her by spouse during their marriage

MSDS

Material Safety Data Sheets

4 levels of court in Canada

Provincial/Territorial courts- majority of cases. Provincial/Territorial Superior courts - serious crimes. Federal courts Provincial/Territorial court of Appeal & Federal court of Appeal. Supreme Court of Canada- highest level.

Court of Appeal for Ontario

Highest level of court in Province Composed of: Federal appointed Chief justice of Ontario An Associate Chief justice of Ontario And many other judges 1-3 judges depending on the appeal This court sits separate from Ontario courts and usually provides final ruling, an appeal on this ruling goes to supreme court of canada

Court of Ontario

The Supreme Court of justice The Ontario court of justice

Superior court of justice

Most serious criminal law & youth criminal justice matters. Also civil cases: Divorce cases including a large amount of money

Superior Courts (3 branches)

Divisional court- appellate court only hears, up to $50,000.00 Family Court (unified family court) -divorce, child/spousal support, custody, adoption and child protection cases Small claims court- hears civil action claims up to $25,000.00 Ontario court of justice - lowest level provincial court, also considered a youth court

Justices of the peace hearing

Bail hearings Application for search warrants Prosecution of provincial offences for violations of provincial laws- highway traffic Acts Occupational health and safety Act Liquor control Act Compulsory automobile ins Act

Provincial/Territorial courts

Each province and territory with exception of Nunavut, has a provincial and territorial courts hears cases involving federal or provincial/territorial laws

In Ontario judges

Are appointed by the provincial government Have been lawyers for 10yr Hear criminal, youth/ family trials without jury - final decision In criminal cases - judge decides whether not guilty or guilty and imposes sentence

Justice of the Peace

Appointed by provincial government and referred to as “Your Worship” They do not have to be a lawyer Have 10yrs pd or volunteer work experience & university degree or college diploma Maybe the only person a member of the public may ever meet

Provincial/Territorial superior courts

Various names: Supreme Court of justice Supreme Court Court of Queens bench Administered by the Provinces & Territories, the judges are appointed and paid by the federal government

Courts of appeal

Usually a panel of 3

The federal Courts

Federal court & federal court of appeal are essentially superior courts with civil jurisdiction. The courts were created by the Act of Parliament

Trail by jury

Under Canadian charter of rights and freedoms- an individual generally have the right to be tried by jury or judge alone

Supreme Court of Canada

Is the final court of appeal from all Canadian courts Consists of: Chief of justice 8 other judges (3 judges from Quebec, 3 from Ontario, 2 western Canada, 1 from Atlantic provinces All appointed by federal government. They sit in Ottawa for 3 sessions: winter, spring & fall Before a case reaches supreme court of Canada, it must have used up all available appeals. Then the court must grant permission or leave, before it will hear the case. In writing and reviewed by 3 members of the court, who the will grant or deny the request without providing reason. Certain situations however the right to appeal is automatic.

Voir Dire

Trial within a trial

Charter of Rights and Freedoms

34 sections PI rights in section 1,7 though 15 1- rights and limitations 7- Right of life, liberty and security of person 8- search or seizure 9- detention or imprisonment 10- arrests or detention 11- proceedings in criminal and penal matters 12- treatment or punishment 13- self incrimination 14- interpreter 15- Equality rights Everyone has the right live in freedom and safety. Everyone has the right to not be unreasonably searched or have things taken from them. Everyone has the right to not be detained or imprisoned without reason. Everyone has the right to be told the reason they have been detained or arrested.

The rights defined in sections 7 through 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms are most important to a private investigator. True  False

True

Section 8 of The Charter states,”Everyone has the right to be secure against unreasonable search or seizure.” True  False

True

Failure to conduct your investigation work within the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms could result in: a ban of the evidence in your case from court.  the wasted time and expense of your investigation.  a legal opportunity for a defendant to pursue you for damages.  a legal opportunity for a defendant to pursue your company for damages.  harm to your reputation, the reputation of your employer, and your position as an investigator.  all of the above

All of the above

Ontario Human Rights Code outlines 5 protected social areas where it applies. Select 2 areas which are of most concern to investigators. Services  Accommodation (housing)  Contracts  Employment  Unions and Vocational associations

Services & Employment

The penalties for violating the Ontario Human Rights Code are significant, with fines up to _______ against those that hinder, obstruct or interfere with the Commission Investigators. $100,000.00  $5,000.00  $10,000.00  $25,000.00

25,000.00

The Criminal Code of Canada gives a private investigator additional rights to make arrests or searches. True  False

False

The Criminal Code of Canada covers all illegal and unlawful acts. True  False

False

Arrest is the process of detaining an individual for the purposes of investigating the individual’s possible involvement in a criminal activity. True  False

True

Anyone can arrest a person or persons under the limits outlined in which section of the Criminal Code of Canada? Section 944  Section 25  Section 494  Section 8

Section 494

Anyone may arrest without warrant… a person whom he finds committing an indictable offence.  a person who, on reasonable grounds, he believes has committed a criminal offence.  a person who, on reasonable grounds, he believes is escaping from and freshly pursued by persons who have lawful authority to arrest that person.  all of the above.

All the above

Whom of the following may arrest a person without warrant if they find them committing a criminal offence on or in relation to a property? Any of the owners or a person in lawful possession of a property.  A person authorized by the owner.  A person authorized by a person in lawful possession of a property.  All of the above.

All of the above

The following Five Steps of Arrest are in the correct order: 1. Identify yourself as an investigator. 2. Inform the subject they are under arrest. 3. Take physical control of the subject. 4. Inform the subject of the reason for the arrest. 5. Turn the subject over to police/peace officer ASAP. True  False

True

For an investigator, the powers of search break down into two areas: “incidental to arrest” and “with consent”. True  False

True

When an investigator arrests a subject and conducts a search for evidence, all evidence gathered is admissible in the case against the accused. True  False

False

When an investigator arrests a subject, it does not mean they have grounds to search for evidence. True  False

True

In common law, which of the following would the citizen NOT be allowed to search after making an arrest? Weapons or items that could be used as a weapon.  Items or tools which would aid in escape.  Evidence of any and all other indictable offences  Evidence of the offense the subject was arrested for

Evidence of any and all other indictable offences

Which of the following has the Supreme Court of Canada held necessary for a search to be reasonable? Authorized by law.  The law itself must be reasonable.  The manner in which the search was carried out must be reasonable.  All of the above  None of the above.

All of the above

Consent to search can be gained by: Simply informing the individual that there is reasonable grounds to warrant searching them or something they are carrying.  An agreed term in a purchase contract.  All of the above.  None of the above.

An agreed term in a purchase contract.

If an individual being arrested by an investigator gives consent to be searched, the investigator may continue the search even if the individual has second thoughts and tells the investigator to stop. True  False

False

The 2 critical elements in almost all offences are actus reus(guilty act) and mens rea (guilty mind) True  False

True

The 2 broad categories of intent are general intent and specific intent. True  False

True

____ intent means the person committing the crime actually intended to do something to another as opposed to having accidentally done so. Malicious  Specific  Oblique  General

General

_____ intent requires the Crown to prove what the suspect was thinking at the time of the commission of the offence. Direct  Oblique  Specific  General

Specific

In a case where two people agree to rob a bank and enter with guns to scare the people into giving them money, one partner gets angry at someone who is not cooperating and shoots and kills them. Only the person who shot the victim can be charged with the murder. True  False

False

Which argument can be used to establish mens rea in the case of an impaired driver who kills someone while driving home drunk? It's a case of a person ignoring the likely outcomes of an action.  A reasonable person would believe there was a strong probability that death could result from driving while impaired.  All of the above.  None of the above.

All of the above

The specific behaviours or actions that lead to the criminal act being committed is referred to as: Specific intent  Mens rea  Actus reus  None of the above

Actus reus

In many civil cases, counsel will have an investigator interview the witnesses that have been disclosed by the other side. That witness must speak with the investigator. True  False

False

Which of the following are NOT examples of offences under Section 423(1): Intimidation? Using violence or threats  Persistently following  Following in a disorderly manner on a highway.  Blocking or obstructing a highway.  Hiding someone's clothes.  All of the above are examples of intimidation.

All of the above are examples of intimidation.

Which section of the Criminal Code covers planting a listening device in a room? Section 322 – Theft  Section 184 – Interception  Section 342.1 – Unauthorized Use of a Computer  None of the above

Section 184 – Interception

Failure to fully disclose all relevant and accurate information in an investigator’s report is not a cause for concern because it is only direct testimony sworn by an investigator that is used as evidence given in court. True  False

False

Unless you are part of the conversation or have direct consent to record, you cannot electronically capture the communications of others. Overhearing conversations without using audio aids is also not permitted. True  False

False

Colour of right” in Section 322 (Theft) is defined as: An honestly held belief in entitlement to property.  To influence the court's perception of the rights of ownership.  An honestly held belief that there is no clear ownership of the property in question.  None of the above.

An honestly held belief in entitlement to property.

If a person is in possession of property stolen in another country, they cannot be charged with an offence under the Criminal Code of Canada. True  False

False

Which of the following are considered forgeries under Section 366? Altering a genuine document in any material part.  Making a material addition to a genuine document or adding to it a false date, attestation, seal or other thing that is material.  Making a material alteration n a genuine document by erasure, obliteration, removal or in any other way.  All of the above.

All of the above

If you uttered threats to a person while taking their cell phone forcibly away from them for the purposes of walking away and keeping it, you would likely be charged with an offence under Section 322 – Theft. True  False

False

Which of the following are part of the four levels of the Canadian Criminal Court System? Provincial/Territorial Courts  Provincial/Territorial Superior Courts and Federal Courts  Provincial/Territorial Courts of Appeal and Federal Courts of Appeal  Supreme Court of Canada

All of them Provincial/Territorial Courts. Provincial/Territorial Superior Courts and Federal Courts. Provincial/Territorial Courts of Appeal and Federal Courts of Appeal. Supreme Court of Canada

Which of the following are considered to be the investigator’s source documents? Laws and statutes  Contract  Policy  All of the above  None of the above

All of the above

As a private investigator, which of the following is NOT the primary focus of your job? Compile and examine evidence as it relates to a client requested investigation.  Examine source documents to determine what the expectations were and if a breach has occurred.  Detect or deter crime.  Gather evidence in such a way that it is admissible in a court of law.

Detect or deter crime.

You may arrest an individual that you know previously committed a crime in relation to your premise. True  False

False

Under Section 265 (Assault), waving one’s fist in the face of another can constitute assault. True  False

True

Which of the following is NOT considered a “place” as defined in Section 348(3)? A dwelling house  A building or structure  A railway vehicle  A sports car  A sheep's pen

A sports car

If you broke into a person’s house, even if you only sat down and watched some TV and left again without doing damage or stealing anything, you still will have committed an offence under Section 348: Break and Enter. True  False

True

Going through an unlocked house door or the gate of a fence compound is considered breaking in. True  False

True

Hacking into a computer system, depending on the circumstances, would likely be considered an offence under which section of the Criminal Code? Section 348: Break and Enter  Section 430: Mischief  Section 343: Robbery  None of the above

Section 430: Mischief

If a suspect changes a price tag to a lower amount to get the store to sell the item at the lower price, they would have committed an offence under: Section 361: False Pretence  Section 430: Mischief  Section 380: Fraud  None of the above

Section 380 fraud

You cannot prowl around a dwelling at night without being in breach of which section of the Criminal Code? Section 348: Break and Enter  Section 430: Mischief  Section 177: Trespassing at Night  None of the above

Section 177: Trespassing at Night

Though Section 184 of the Criminal Code states that it is an offence to willfully intercept the private communications of an individual, conversations can be recorded and presented in court as long as you are the person who is originating the conversation. True  False

True

In the investigations business, it is considered a best practice during surveillance to disable the audio on any video equipment. True  False

True

The _____ provides the process and the evidence requirements for cases that go through the federal criminal courts. Criminal Code  Ontario Evidence Act  Canada Evidence Act  All of the above

Canada Evidence Act

When it comes to the rules of evidence, the term ____ refers to the fact that one is able to provide evidence. Compellable  Competent  Burden of Proof  None of the above

Competent

An accused can be compelled by the prosecution to testify in the legal proceeding of his/her case. True  False

False

The standard of proof in a civil matter carries the obligation for the plaintiff to prove the case: Beyond a reasonable doubt.  Based on a balance of probabilities.  To the judge's satisfaction.  None of the above.

Based on a balance of probabilities.

The term ____ refers to a set of facts and circumstances which cause an ordinary, cautious and prudent person to believe something that goes beyond mere suspicion. reasonable  unreasonable  acceptable  unacceptable

reasonable

The Best Evidence Rule sets the expectation that… only the original evidence is admissible.  only expert opinion evidence applies.  the best evidence available will be produced.  none of the above.

the best evidence available will be produced.

Civil Law deals with matters that are an offense against society. True  False

False

Which of the following are court-ordered search provisions related to property? Anton Piller Order  Court-ordered release of documents  Civil search warrant  All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following is NOT true of Common or Case Law? It is also known as precedent law.  They are a set of principles and interpretations of law from previously adjudicated cases.  Judgments in the lower courts set precedence and are always binding, even in higher courts.  It is used by judges in deliberating current cases to provide the standards of expectation and outcome on future court actions.

Judgments in the lower courts set precedence and are always binding, even in higher courts.

A tort is a civil wrong that can be addressed through legal action to provide remedy to the individuals whose person or property has been affected. True  False

True

Which of the following describes the type of civil wrong (mentioned in the previous question) that is committed upon the person or property independent of contract? The violation of some private obligation by which like damage accrues to the individual.  A direct invasion of some legal right of the individual.  The infraction of some public duty by which special damage accrues to the individual.  All of the above  None of the above.

All of the above

Only police and peace officers have special powers related to the Criminal Code and Federal Law; however the laws can be investigated by anyone. True  False

True

For the crime of Break and Enter, a person is deemed to have “broken” into a place if they have walked through an open doorway leading to the interior of the premise. True  False

True

A term for “wrong-doing” is a: Anton Piller Order  Tort  Reasonable  Search Warrant

Tort

The document used to search property in a civil case is called a: Anton Piller Order  Tort  Beyond a reasonable doubt  Search Warrant

Anton Piller order

A person who is alleged to have committed the wrong at a civil trial is called the: Defendant  Plaintiff  Respondent

Defendant

As a private investigator, I am no longer a ‘private person’ as outlined in Section 25 of the Criminal Code. True  False

False

In a scenario in which an investigator faces a challenging situation or a hostile or anxious individual, which would be the least favoured option to deal with the circumstances? Skilled communication to mitigate any potential threat.  Use of force in a self-defensive or restraining manner.  A swift tactical withdrawal.  Alerting the police.

Use of force in a self-defensive or restraining manner.

In Section 25 of the Criminal Code, the wording “as much force as is necessary” would be considered as: "all the force one can muster to effect its purpose"  "the least amount of force to effect its purpose"  "any level of force that can be justified in effecting its purpose"  None of the above

the least amount of force to effect its purpose"

While Section 25 authorizes the use of force in the administration or enforcement of the law, Section 26 holds the person accountable for? the amount of excessive force used  the amount of extra force used to control an individual or to protect yourself.  the nature and quality of the act that constitutes the excess of force.  All of the above  None of the above

All of the above

Section 27 covers an investigator in all cases so that they can confidently use force to make an arrest in order to prevent an offense from occurring. True  False

False

If an investigator is the target of an unprovoked attack, he or she is justified in using any amount of force necessary to repel the attack and subdue his or her assailant. True  False

False

The National Use of Force Framework acknowledges that individuals using lawful force apply such force options in consecutive steps or stages from the lowest force option to the highest. True  False

False

Which of the following does the National Use of Force Framework NOT stress? the use of communications to de-escalate the situation  ongoing situational. assessment. use of perception (threats,options). use of levels of physical force along a continuum of intensity.  assessing tactical considerations.

use of levels of physical force along a continuum of intensity

Which of the following does NOT describe “reasonable force”? Force that is consistent with the physical and mental characteristics of the subject.  As much force as is "reasonable" for your size and strength.  The minimum level of force required to defend oneself and get away safely.  Force that is appropriate to the situation at hand.

As much force as is "reasonable" for your size and strength.

Investigators may be contracted for which of the following clients? Private individuals Lawyers and law firms Insurance companies Corporations Government All of the above

All of the above

Investigators do not get involved in investigating criminal acts since these are the responsibility of the police. True False

False

Our eyes often see only what they look for and look for what is already in our minds. True False

True

Having too much information will always reduce investigative errors. True False

False

Interviews and interrogations are the same. True False

False

During interviews of employees it is permissible to prevent union representatives from sitting in the interview. True False

False

Which of the following is information that an investigator will typically try to identify in the first steps of an investigation? The purpose or goal of the investigation The scope of the investigation The intended timeline for deliverables/action All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following required resources will an investigator need to conduct an investigation? Access to data sources Special equipment Special investigative strategies and techniques All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following is NOT a purpose of an investigation? Determine whether an event took place or an offence was committed Tight timeline for action Disprove an allegation Discover the cause, manner and location of an offence/event

Tight timeline for action

With the special mindset required of a good investigator, which of the following are known to impact the outcome of an investigation? Cognitive mistakes Personal emotions, bias or past experience Client pressure or other external influences All of the above

All of the above

Conviction and certainty are the two greatest tools of an effective investigator when sorting through evidence. True False

False

______ occurs when there is a narrow focus on a limited range of alternatives to the exclusion of the larger set of circumstances surrounding the event. Groupthink Intuition Tunnel vision Fatigue

Tunnel vision

Using ______ as a decision-making process suggests an unconscious, automatic process where decisions are reached based on prior experience and mental shortcuts. Assumptions Perception Groupthink Intuition

Intuition

International research has repeatedly shown the high rate of accuracy in witness statements, including the identification of suspects. True False

False

Which of the following is NOT a ramification of investigators failing to pay attention to possible cognitive failures during an investigation? Information may be overlooked All avenues of inquiry will be identified Evidence may be lost The wrong party may be accused

All avenues of inquiry will be identified

Diane is an experienced insurance investigator. She is contacted by a leading insurance firm to conduct an investigation into a suspected personal injury fraud. She needs to obtain details of the injuries reported by the victim at the time. The client insists that she use whatever methods are necessary to obtain the information. Diane has organized surveillance on the subject. Which of the following statements would be correct, regarding obtaining medical information on the subject? Diane may use any medical information in her investigation that is lawfully provided by the client. Diane may obtain details of the subject's injuries direct from the doctor who gave initial treatment since it is the subject of a possible criminal investigation. Diane may request a copy of the doctor's report from the subject, their lawyer or the client and she may lawfully refer to it during the investigation. Diane may trick the subject into signing a medical release authorization.

Diane may request a copy of the doctor's report from the subject, their lawyer or the client and she may lawfully refer to it during the investigation.

Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding what makes an effective investigation? The investigator was diligent in the collection of evidence and statements. The investigator took steps to address the safety of all involved. The investigator treated all parties involved with respect and dignity. If there was an offence, the investigator identified the person(s) responsible and collected sufficient evidence to prove the case in court. All of the above are correct.

All of the above are correct.

Which of the following are ways we may find out or verify information to fill in knowledge gaps during an investigation? Bankruptcy checks/PPSA checks etc. Online research Consider surveillance on the subject All of the above None of the above

All of the above

John is conducting an in-house theft investigation for a large oil company. He has already completed three witness interviews and still needs to speak with the suspect. He knows that the original budget he was given will not be enough to complete the investigation. Which of the following courses of action, if any, are correct? John should continue with the investigation and inform the client in due course that he requires more money. John should stop the investigation until a further budget is agreed with the client. John should update the case file and inform his manager. John should continue investigating since his client is a large oil firm and budget is not an issue.

John should update the case file and inform his manager.

Tanya is assigned to obtain a statement from a witness to an assault. As she begins to take notes it becomes apparent that the “witness” did not see much of what actually happened as she was talking on her cellphone at the time. The witness’ friend, whom she was with, had seen the assault occur and described it to her immediately afterwards. Which, if any, of the following statements are correct? Tanya should continue taking the statement, including in it everything the witness tells her. Hearsay evidence can be admissible in some cases. Tanya should end the interview immediately and stop taking the statement. It is hearsay evidence and not admissible. Tanya should complete the interview of the witness and determine the identity of the witness' friend and interview that person as well. Tanya should continue with the interview but not the statement.

Tanya should complete the interview of the witness and determine the identity of the witness' friend and interview that person as well.

Which of the following best describes an interview conducted by a private investigator? Designed to provide a story the investigator can prove as false. Designed to have the suspect provide an admission of facts and a confession of guilt. A planned, confrontational and accusatory conversation with a suspect. A planned, cooperative and voluntary two-way conversation, usually with a victim or witness.

A planned, cooperative and voluntary two-way conversation, usually with a victim or witness.

You are interviewing a woman on suspicion of theft from the workplace. As you begin to disclose your evidence to her the woman complains she is feeling dizzy and ill. You notice she is pale and sweating. What should your next action be? Carry on with the interview since it is almost finished but keep observations on the woman. Do nothing. This is a tactic used by a guilty person to stall for time. Stop the interview immediately and call a paramedic. Offer to stop the interview immediately and obtain medical help if the woman needs it.

Offer to stop the interview immediately and obtain medical help if the woman needs it.

Which of the following is NOT a part of the PEACE acronym? Planning and Preparation Engage and Explain Account Creativity Evaluate

Creativity

Cognitive interviews work best for witnesses who are having difficulty recalling events. True False

True

When questioning a person who is a suspect or target of an investigation, which of the following methods of obtaining evidence would least likely result in rendering the information obtained as inadmissible? Offering deals as an inducement to confess. Misleading the suspect as to the evidence against them. Using an informal approach while interviewing. Failing to provide an appropriate adult, lawyer or interpreter. Failing to provide medical treatment.

Using an informal approach while interviewing.

When taking a statement, which of the following is considered best practice and the best way to ensure obtaining the fullest and most accurate account? Have the witness write out their own statement. The investigator obtains the account by interviewing the witness and then writing the statement him/herself, relying upon detailed notes taken during the interview. Have the audio recording from the interview session transcribed in written form, and then presented to the witness for signature at a later date. None of the above.

The investigator obtains the account by interviewing the witness and then writing the statement him/herself, relying upon detailed notes taken during the interview.

Formal statements should include which of the following? Date of interview Full name of the witness, date of birth, identification Verbatim (word for word) transcription of the witness' recollection of the events Signature of the witness All of the above

All of the above

“Please tell me in as much detail as possible about what happened” is a great opening question in an interview. True False

True

Which of the following is NOT one of the tips for an investigation? Interrupting to clarify points Consent Setting Recap

Interrupting to clarify points

When conducting surveillance, investigators should think about following professional standards and operational guidelines. True False

True

The purpose of covert surveillance is to observe individuals or premises, place or things without being detected and to observe the subject in their natural and true state. True False

True

As with any investigative technique, information collected during surveillance, including video recordings, is the property of: the court the client the investigator none of the above

The client

Legislation, and some client policies, direct that video surveillance may only be done from public places by recording what is in plain sight all of the above none of the above

All of the above

Which of the following covert recordings would most likely be considered lawful surveillance? The video recording you make while impersonating a cable TV worker standing on a ladder, looking down into the private yard of a surveillance target. The video recording you captured of a surveillance target (who you are investigating for abuse of disability leave) doing yoga in a public park. Using GPS tracking devices on a client's company vehicles to check up on a client's workers and try to determine how well they are doing their jobs. The audio recording you captured of a surveillance target chatting to a business partner inside a fitness club locker room while you are posing as a trainer in the facility. All of the above. None of the above.

The video recording you captured of a surveillance target (who you are investigating for abuse of disability leave) doing yoga in a public park.

Which of the following stipulations from the OPC report titled Guidance on Covert Video Surveillance in the Private Sector must be in place for covert video surveillance to be permitted? There is demonstrated evidentiary need for the surveillance Evidence that would be collected by the surveillance achieves specifically the intended purpose. Less privacy-invasive measures have already been attempted or considered. All of the above. None of the above.

All of the above

Provincial Privacy legislation dictates that covert surveillance captured with CCTV is always illegal and inadmissible in court even if it has been installed in a private place at the behest of the company and recording in normal work areas. True False

False

Which of the following is NOT one of the three phases to surveillance? Preparation Delivery of information Activation Execution

Activation

As in most jobs, the preparation is the foundation and will likely define how successful you are going to be. True False

True

Preparing for surveillance includes three areas of concern: 1. You as the investigator 2. Your equipment 3. Your location True False

True

Reasons surveillance may be conducted in teams may include: the subject's aggressive driving nature multiple points of exit from a given location the subject's ability to run counter surveillance all of the above

All of the above

Evidence may be used to… prove or disprove a set of facts or circumstances implicate or exonerate a person identify persons, places or entities All of the above

All of the above

______ is the most frequent evidence available. direct evidence circumstantial evidence physical evidence none of the above

Circumstantial evidence

______ is evidence that supports a premise or assertion, such as witness testimony of seeing someone do something suspicious without actually witnessing the crimes. When put together with other evidence, it paints a picture of what happened, but perhaps not the full picture. direct evidence circumstantial evidence physical evidence none of the above

Circumstantial evidence

Surveillance video that entirely captured a drunk driver causing an accident where a person was seriously injured would be considered: direct evidence circumstantial evidence verbal evidence documentary evidence

Documentary evidence

______ supports the truth of an assertion without relying on additional evidence to show an action or inaction occurred. direct evidence circumstantial evidence verbal evidence none of the above

Direct evidence

Physical evidence that is very small or even invisible to the untrained eye (ex. crime scene fingerprints or footprints) is called hearsay evidence trace evidence real evidence

Trace evidence

A witness presents a statement that was made to them by another person, who is not present at the trial is called documentary evidence trace evidence hearsay evidence physical evidence

Hearsay evidence

Evidence of a witness who doesn’t appear to understand the nature of an oath or a solemn affirmation is called unsworn evidence documentary evidence real evidence hearsay evidence

unsworn evidence

In the collection of evidence, the investigator must be able to honestly and accurately testify in court that the physical evidence being presented is the same as originally found, still in the same condition as when first found, and can be verified as to who has handled it or had access to it, and how it was securely stored in the time since it was first found. This is known as: Continuity of Evidence Chain of Continuity Chain of Custody All of the above

All of the above

The rules regarding continuity do not apply to the use of photographs as evidence because they are not considered physical evidence. True False

False

Forensic evidence is usually understood as some form of physical evidence that will undergo scientific processes and examination for a legal purpose. True False

True

How should medium sized evidence objects be collected? placed in a sealable container that will not chemically react or impact the liquid, should be sealed with tape, investigator should put the time, date and his or her initials on the seal identify the object by placing their initials in a discreet place on the object for verification later Usually placed in an envelope or paper bag and the container should be sealed with tape and the investigator should add the time, date and initial the seal.

Usually placed in an envelope or paper bag and the container should be sealed with tape and the investigator should add the time, date and initial the seal.

When conducting an internet search, placing quotation marks around a person’s name or a phrase with multiple words will narrow down the number of relevant hits by only searching for that specific name or phrase and not search hits for each word individually. True False

True

A Boolean search will tie two terms together with a conjunction such as and, or, or not, to greatly narrow the search and yield more refined and possibly relevant search results. True False

True

Criss-cross directories show: phone numbers and addresses phone numbers and postal codes all of the above none of the above

phone numbers and addresses

Which of the following will a Personal Property Security Registration (PPSR) search NOT help an investigator do? search land title records identify a lien associated with a subject find links to a business or collateral that is shown as a security for payment of a debt all of the above

search land title records

Undercover work is more complex than regular investigative work and would possibly require significant prior planning which may include: Specific direction on the target(s) of the investigation A briefing on each of the behaviour(s)/infractions/activities to look for Operational and safety guidelines for the investigator What the role and duties of the undercover "employee" will be All of the above

All of the above

Prank calling is another form of undercover work that uses a phone call (or in person at the door) employing a deception (ie. impersonating someone else). True False

False

Typically, it is the job of the investigator’s client to watch for any signs of “burn out” on the part of an undercover operator. True False

False

Committing crimes in an effort to establish your undercover persona and gain the trust of targets is an acceptable and necessary practice to carry out effective undercover work. True False

False

Which of the following are important considerations in working with confidential sources? a client or agency manager's authorization investigator's safety in meeting with the source the source's expectations and guarantees of agency/client's confidentiality the source's motivation all of the above

All of the above

Investigation File Management is a process that involves: staff/resource/budget management evidence collection and documentation witness interviews perpetrator identification and location All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following would provide the least challenge to effective case management? Investigator fatigue Coping with massive amounts of complex data and evidence Identifying linkages between evidence and individuals Accessing copies of relevant legislation Budget implications Managing competing demands for services and resources

Accessing copies of relevant legislation

Ontario’s Rules of Civil Procedure set out the rules for service of documents that may be utilized by the courts, and the manner in which cases proceed through the civil courts. True False

True

Which of the following documents may be involved in civil proceedings? Statements of Claim Petitions for Divorce Motions brought before the Court All of the above

All of the above

Which document needs to be completed to prove that a document has been served and delivered to the individual or entity named? Statement of Claim Affidavit of Service Summons to Witness Service Master Claim

Affidavit of service

Under the Rules of Civil Procedure, a document is considered served when: It is served personally upon the individual. The person serving the document hands it to the person named. The person serving identify clearly the person that is being served at the time of service by having the person verbally identify themselves by name. An Affidavit of Service is sworn in the presence of a lawyer or commissioner of oaths All of the above

All of the above

The concepts of ethics and professionalism are the same. True False

False

Ethics act as guides for organizational behaviours. True False

True

You can be personally sued for the decisions you make while investigating. True False

True

Acting ethically means blowing the whistle on other employees you witness doing unethical things. True False

True

It is permissible to release personal information about a client to the media concerning an investigation if the information is true. True False

False

Obtaining consent from the target of the investigation is rarely necessary. True False

False

Harassment is a violation of the Criminal Code of Canada. True False

True

______ is moral philosophy that involves systematizing, defending and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct. Religion Morality Ethics None of the above

Ethics

A person who makes a moral decision, even though he or she may not recognize that moral issues are at stake, may be referred to as a: Moral issue Moral agent Ethical decision None of the above

Moral agent

A decision that is both legal and morally acceptable to the larger community. Moral issue Moral agent Ethical decision None of the above

Ethical decision

This is present where a person’s actions, when freely performed, may harm or benefit others and the decision to be made involves choice, or volition, on the part of the actor or decision maker and the action to be taken has consequences for others. Moral issue Moral agent Ethical decision None of the above

Moral issue

The basic premise of Utilitarian Ethics is that actions provide the greatest balance of good over bad are the best ethical or moral choices. True False

True

Which of the following are the basic rights we have under The Rights Approach? The right not to be injured The right to the truth The right to what is agreed The right to privacy All of the above

All of the above

Using the Common Good approach, our ethical choices would ensure that the social policies, systems, institutions and environments on which we commonly depend are beneficial to all. True False

True

Created by our senses, intuition, experience, etc., situational awareness helps shape our understanding and knowledge of the situation when we receive information (regardless of the source) that is relevant to a decision we must make. True False

True

For professional investigators, which of the following is NOT a core principle of professionalism? Demonstrate highest standards of competence. Maintain solidarity and confidentiality with investigative colleagues in cases where ethical dealings may be questioned. Be motivated by professional objectives rather than personal concerns. Treat co-workers, clients and others with dignity, respect and compassion. Act as a mentor to others.

Maintain solidarity and confidentiality with investigative colleagues in cases where ethical dealings may be questioned

In the interest of meeting your investigative plan, it is sometimes necessary to expand the range of the investigation beyond the original scope. But even if the legal authority to do this could be questionable, the outcome of delivering the client’s lawful request for information is a worthy goal. True False

False

Even if they are aware of their own prejudice, discrimination or stereotyping and keep them in check, investigators should know the difference between these concepts as they will receive information (statements or other forms of evidence) in their investigative work from people who may base their opinions on prejudice, discrimination or stereotyping. True False

True

Generalizations about others, both unwarranted and unfounded on the basis of available evidence and reducing complex phenomena to simplistic explanations that are generalized to a whole category without acknowledging individual differences is known as stereotyping prejudice discrimination none of the above

Stereotyping

_____ refers to negative, often unconscious and preconceived notions about others; prejudicing persons or situations in order to impose definition and order on the world around us. stereotyping prejudice discrimination none of the above

Prejudice

Discrimination consists of the process by which we put our prejudgments into practice. True False

True

Nonverbal communication can constitute over 90% of a message. True False

True

Active listening is an important method for gaining cooperation and compliance during communication. True False

True

To empathize with someone means to feel sorry for him or her. True False

False

An individual with the smell of alcohol on his or her breath has been drinking. True False

False

Field notes can be referred to during testimony at courts, tribunals and administrative hearings. True False

True

The requirement for objectivity in reports means that they should not vary according to their audience. True False

True

Which of the following can be potential barriers or challenges to communication? Relationship between subject and witness. Attitude of the investigator. Physical or cognitive disabilities. Preconceptions of the witness. All of the above.

All of the above

3 things which should not impact your communication in your role as a professional investigator are bias, discrimination and harassment. True False

True

Attitudes or behaviours which frustrate you the most and cause you to become impatient are known as: Limits Buttons Triggers None of the above

Triggers

Which of the following are strategies for managing triggers? Putting an end to conversations or situations which would typically trigger your frustration. Changing the subject back to the matter at hand. Redirecting their speech by asking them questions which they should want to answer. All of the above.

All of the above

Which of the following are the recommended responses to dealing with intoxicated persons? Continue monitoring to ensure safety for the individual, the public and yourself. When possible, call for assistance if an intoxicated individual behaves in an unruly manner. Give short, clear instructions. Do not try and reason with the individual. All of the above.

All of the above

Which of the following perceived signs could be indicators that someone is lying or intentionally deceiving you? Eye contact: not willing to look you in the eye Body postures: how a person stands, sits or moves their arms or legs Verbal responses: Intonation, delayed responses or not responding directly to questions. A and C only All of the above None of the above

All of the above

Which of the following are purposes for which field notes are useful? (Click all that apply) Improving an investigators' abilities to recall information correctly. As a method to describe events as soon as is practical after an event. Assisting in the drafting of a more comprehensive report. As a method to ensure accountability.

All of them Improving an investigators' abilities to recall information correctly. As a method to describe events as soon as is practical after an event. Assisting in the drafting of a more comprehensive report. As a method to ensure accountability.

If your field notes were to be accessed through privacy legislation, which of the following should NOT be included? Evidence of erasures or items blackened out. Date, location and file references. Notations, such as personal opinions of witnesses and targets, that may impact the investigation's integrity. All of the above

Notations, such as personal opinions of witnesses and targets, that may impact the investigation's integrity.

Keeping organized and accurate field notes is important given that judges, people in charge of tribunals or inquiries, and lawyers may ask to see your notes if you used those notes to refresh your memory for the hearing. True False

True

All reports may be subject to review through privacy legislation. The credibility of the investigator and the investigator’s company will be judged by the quality of the reports. True False

True

Administrative reports already have headings where investigators simply insert information. Operational reports, on the other hand, may be much more complicated. True False

True

Conduct outlined in the criminal code of Canada, s 264 as constituting harassment causing another or other person “reasonable, in all the circumstances, to fear for their safety or the safety of anyone known to them” includes which of the following? Repeatedly following from place to place the other person or anyone known to them. Repeatedly communicating with, either directly or indirectly, the other person or anyone know to them. Besetting or watching the dwelling house, or place where the other person, or anyone known to them, resides, works, carries on business or happens to be. Engaging in threading conduct directed at the other person or any member of their family. None of the above All of the above

All of the above

Professional investigators know their own personal triggers & expect them to be set off during their career True False

True

Evidence can be physical (ex video surveillance footage, blood, a signed statement, a weapon, a document or photo) or verbal (ex a statement from a video) True False

True

When you perceive a threat, your nervous system responds by releasing a flood of stress hormones, including adrenaline and cortisol. What are some of the responses? your heart pounds faster and blood pressure rises breath quickens and muscles tighten your senses become sharper all of the above

The signs and symptoms of stress overload can be almost anything. Stress affects the mind, body, and behavior in many ways, and everyone experiences stress differently. True False

When you sense danger – whether it’s real or imagined – the body’s defenses kick into high gear in a rapid, automatic process known as: the "fight or flight" reaction the "fuss or fidget" reaction the "grin and bear it" reaction the "exaggerate and explode" reaction

which driving analogy do Psychologists use to describe the three most common ways people respond when they’re overwhelmed by stress: foot on the gas foot on the brake foot on both all of the above

Your ability to tolerate stress depends on many factors, including the quality of your relationships, your general outlook on life, your emotional intelligence, and genetics. True False

When practiced regularly yoga, meditation, and deep breathing will not activate the body’s relaxation response. True False

There are many healthy ways to manage and cope with stress, but they all require change. You can either change the situation or change your reaction. When deciding which option to choose, it’s helpful to think of the four A’s: avoid, alter, adapt, or accept. True False

POSEC is an acronym for: Prioritize by Optimizing, Streamlining, Economizing and Contributing Popularize by Organizing, Streamlining, Economizing and Contributing Prioritize by Organizing, Streamlining, Economizing and Contributing Popularize by Optimizing, Streamlining, Economizing and Contributing

Surveillances and undercover operations are used regularly if there is no other way that will work as well to get needed information. True False

Team Roles Model is based on nine team roles, categorized into three groups: Action Oriented, People Oriented, and Thought Oriented. True False