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legal and criminal justice systems > prisons > Flashcards

prisons Flashcards

1
Q

What were some forms of early punishment in the UK?

A

Early punishments included fines, enslavement, and execution under the “bloody code.”

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2
Q

When was HMP Shepton Mallet established?

A

1625

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3
Q

What significant penal policy was introduced in 1718?

A

as a form of punishment

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4
Q

Q: What percentage of early prisoners were debtors?

A

70%

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5
Q

What issue did overcrowding in prisons lead to?

A

passing of an insolvency act

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6
Q

What links began to form between prisons and forced labor?

A

There were links between prisons and forced involuntary labor, such as dredging the Thames

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7
Q

How did many correctional houses evolve in the early 20th century?

A

many became military prisons

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8
Q

Who advocated for the establishment of “penitentiaries” as a form of rehabilitation?

A

The Quakers advocated for “penitentiaries” and were against the death penalty

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9
Q

What was significant about the Walnut Street Jail in the US?

A

The Walnut Street Jail, established in 1790, is considered one of the first institutions to focus on rehabilitation rather than punishment

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10
Q

Who studied the “pains of imprisonment” in 1958?

A

sykes

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11
Q

What is one of the deprivations experienced by prisoners according to Sykes?

A

deprivation of liberty

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12
Q

What do prisoners lose access to in terms of material possessions?

A

experienced deprivation of goods and services

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13
Q

What aspect of personal safety do prisoners often feel deprived of?

A

security

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14
Q

How does imprisonment affect personal freedom?

A

leads to deprivation of autonomy

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15
Q

What type of relationships are prisoners deprived of?

A

heterosexual relationships

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16
Q

Who introduced the concept of “total institution” in 1961?

A

goffman

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17
Q

What does it mean for inmates to be cut off from the rest of the world?

A

refers to isolation and separation from society

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18
Q

What is “batch living” in the context of total institutions?

A

communal living arrangements where inmates share spaces and routines, often leading to a loss of individuality

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19
Q

What is “binary management” in total institutions?

A

strict rules and hierarchies, where inmates are categorised and controlled based on their behaviour and compliance

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20
Q

What is the “inmate role”?

A

expected behaviour and identity that individuals adopt while incarcerated, shaped by the institutional environment

21
Q

What does the “institutional perspective” refer to?

A

focuses on how the structure and culture of a total institution impact the experiences and behaviors of inmates

22
Q

What has led to an increased prevalence of open prisons?

A

A focus on rehabilitation and reintegration of prisoners into the community has led to an increase in open prisons

23
Q

What characterises Nordic prisons?

A

known for their humane approach rehabilitation and treating inmates with dignity

24
Q

What is HMP Grendon known for?

A

HMP Grendon is recognized as a Therapeutic Community that originated in 1962, focusing on treating prisoners with PTSD

25
Q

How do inmates manage their communities in HMP Grendon?

A

Inmates can elect each other to manage their own communities, promoting a sense of democracy and responsibility

26
Q

What activities are included in the daily routine of inmates in therapeutic communities?

A

Daily meetings, socialisation, therapy, and a restorative approach to misbehaviour are included in the routine

27
Q

What impact has the therapeutic community model had on reoffending rates?

A

The model has led to a 20 percent reduction in reoffending rates among inmates

28
Q

Are there still challenges faced by therapeutic communities?

A

Yes, despite successes, there are still problems that need to be addressed within these systems

29
Q

What does indeterminacy/uncertainty refer to in the context of modern pains?

A

the lack of clear outcomes or expectations for prisoners, leading to feelings of confusion and anxiety

30
Q

What is the pain associated with psychological assessment in prisons?

A

Prisoners often feel a disconnect with psychologists, who may seem powerful and distant, leading to feelings of constant scrutiny and deindividuation

31
Q

What does the pain of self-regulation entail for prisoners?

A

Inmates are asked to self-govern within a totalising institution, which is an impossible demand that forces them to become agents of their own punishment

32
Q

How does the pain of modern institutions affect prisoners’ behaviour?

A

It does not merely suppress them but wraps them up, smothers them, and incites them to conduct themselves in specific ways

33
Q

What is a key argument against putting people in prison?

A

Imprisonment not only harms the individual but also has broader negative effects on society

34
Q

What percentage of offenders had a parent convicted of an offences?

A

37%

35
Q

What is the connection between parental incarceration and offenders?

A

Among those offenders, 80 percent had a parent who had been in prison

36
Q

What are some broader impacts of incarceration on society?

A

Incarceration leads to damage in communities and relationships, affecting social structures and support systems

37
Q

Why is voting important for prisoners in relation to society?

A

The ability to vote is crucial for feeling part of society; without a say in governance, individuals may feel disconnected and marginalised

38
Q

What does the Representation of the People Act 1983 Section 3 address?

A

it outlines the legal framework regarding voting rights, including restrictions on those in prison

39
Q

What was the significance of Hirst v United Kingdom (No 2) (2005)?

A

This case highlighted the European Court of Human Rights’ stance on the voting rights of prisoners, emphasising the need for reform

40
Q

What did the case Thierry Delvigne v Commune de Lesparre Médoc and Préfet de la Gironde establish?

A

It reinforced the principle that denying voting rights to prisoners can violate human rights, advocating for more inclusive policies

41
Q

who are the prisoners that are allowed to vote?

A

remand prisoners, those in prison for contempt of court, non-payment of fines, individuals on Home Detention Curfew

42
Q

give 3 examples of prisons where prisoners cannot vote?

A

Australia, Hungary and UK

42
Q

give 3 examples of prisons where most prisoners can vote?

A

France, Greece, Italy

43
Q

give 3 examples of prisons where all prisoners can vote?

A

Sweden, Spain and ukraine

44
Q

How are prisoners counted in the census despite not being able to vote?

A

Prisoners are counted as part of the population for electoral districting, which affects how districts are drawn

45
Q

What is the impact of prisoners being counted in constituencies?

A

The percentage of the constituency that cannot vote leads to more powerful votes for those who can, skewing representation

46
Q

What is prison gerrymandering?

A

It refers to the practice of counting incarcerated individuals in the census for electoral purposes, which can distort political representation

47
Q

How do racial disparities in prisons relate to voting prohibitions?

A

The combination of racial disparities in incarceration and voting restrictions can lead to racialised disenfranchisement, affecting minority communities disproportionately

48
Q

What does Michelle Alexander discuss in “The New Jim Crow”?

A

She explores the concept of mass incarceration and its effects on racial discrimination, likening it to historical systems of oppression

legal and criminal justice systems (18 decks)

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