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152 Remade > Prior To Midterm > Flashcards

Prior To Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What is health?

A

-varies
-whole of body
-meaningful when we don’t have
-multidimensional

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2
Q

WHO definition of health

A

State of (multidimensional) well being, NOT just the absence of health

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3
Q

How does health vary?

A

Varies among
-culture (schizophrenia and weight loss)
-historically (homosexuality and drug use

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4
Q

Scientific era, health definition

A

-freedom from disease
-an increase of medical discoveries

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5
Q

State of being

A

Is health

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6
Q

Wellness

A

State of optimal wellbeing
-optimal multidimensional
-the way you feel about your health

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7
Q

Disease

A

Objective state of ill health
-scientific

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8
Q

Illness

A

Subjective and influenced by people and place
-socially

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9
Q

Signs

A

Objective
-observable

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10
Q

Symptoms

A

Subjective
-cannot directly observe

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11
Q

Acute

A

Short term illness

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12
Q

Chronic

A

Long term illness

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13
Q

Impairment

A

Loss of ability or abnormality

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14
Q

Disability

A

Restriction or lack of ability

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15
Q

Disability models

A

Individual/medical and social

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16
Q

Medical disability model

A

-medicalization
-adjustment
-personal problem

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17
Q

Social disability model

A

-self help
-social change
-social oppression theory

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18
Q

Medical modle

A

Body as a machine
-conventional
-absence of disease

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19
Q

Holistic model

A

All parts of the person
-alternative
-recently integrated

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20
Q

Wellness model

A

Medical and holistic
-changing and evolving
-individual responsibility

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21
Q

Socioecological

A

Many factors affect health

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22
Q

Eudamonistic model

A

Actualization (ones true self and potential)
-illness prevents actualization

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23
Q

Salutogenic model

A

Origins of postive health
-facts that protect and better “good health”

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24
Q

Conceptualizations of health

A

-stability
-actualization
-stability and actualizations
-rescource
-unity

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25
Q

Health as stability

A

Maintenance of physical, logical, functional and social norms

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26
Q

Health as actualization

A

Actualization of human potential

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27
Q

Health as stability and actualization

A

Realization of human potential thru goal directed behaviour

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28
Q

Health as rescource

A

Capacities to fulfil roles
-meet demands
-participate in everyday living

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29
Q

Health as unity

A

Reflecting the whole person as process
-self transcendence

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30
Q

Medical approach

A

Western thinking, medical intervention restores health

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31
Q

Behavioural approach

A

Environmental and human biological aspects of health incorporated
-responsibility for health on individual

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32
Q

Lalonde report

A

Health determinants include lifestyle, environment, human biology, organization of healthcare

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33
Q

Socioenviromental approach

A

Health is closely tied to social structures
-poverty and unhealthy enviroments

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34
Q

What was the lalonde report criticized for

A

Favouring high income, well educated, well employed Canadians
-victim blaming

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35
Q

Ottawa charter

A

Prerequisites for health
-such as peace, shelter and education
-beyond lifestyle, placing responsibility on society

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36
Q

Epp report

A

-enhancing coping
-reducing inequalities
-improving prevention

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37
Q

Pre/medical times

A

-Illness is sin
-Reliant on dietis for health

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38
Q

1800s

A

Medical theories and discoveries
-body is a machine

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39
Q

Virchow

A

Father of modern pathology

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40
Q

John snow

A

Cholera’s outbreak
-found out why

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41
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

Germ theory

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42
Q

19th to 20th

A

Discovering cures and focusing on science

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43
Q

Fallacy of specific etiology

A

Disease is caused by one thing

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44
Q

Objectification

A

Body is seen as broken parts that need to be fixed

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45
Q

Medical scientism

A

Science most superior form of knowledge in treating illness and disease

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46
Q

Reductionism

A

Focus on physical and microbes
-downplaying social and psychological aspects of illness

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47
Q

Biological determinism

A

Assumption that ones biology causes inferior
-social
-economic
-health status

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48
Q

Victim blaming

A

Blaming the paitents behaviours for illnesses and diseases

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49
Q

Thomas McKeown

A

Agriculture and better living contributes to better health (NOT MEDICINE)

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50
Q

Who began looking at the other models of health (social model of health)

A

Thomas McKeown

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51
Q

Three dimensions of social model of health

A

-societal production and distribution of H+I
-social construction H+I
-social organization of Health Care

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52
Q

Criticisms of social model

A

-push for social change
-overemphasis of harm of medical approaches
-underestimation of individual responsibility

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53
Q

Structure

A

Systems
-economic/political

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54
Q

Agency

A

Human agency
-social interaction

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55
Q

Structural functionalism

A

-society is a bunch of moving parts
-everyone has a specific job/role
-everyone NEEDS to do their role for society to function

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56
Q

Assumptions of structural functionalism

A

-good health and effective medical care are essential in society
-paitent: sick role
-paitent-physician relationship: hierarchical

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57
Q

Talcott Parsons (structural functionalism)

A

This is the SICK ROLE
-being sick is deviant
-there are rights and responsibilities

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58
Q

The sick role rights

A

-exempt from normal societal role/responsibilities
-due to illness

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59
Q

Responsibilities of the sick role

A

-get well
-seek health advice
-comply with treatment regimes

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60
Q

Criticisms of sick role

A

-only relevant to acute illness
-not relevant to illness and disability
-not necessarily consensus based

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61
Q

Symbolic interactionalism

A

-Focus is on agency
-subject to change
-reality is based on interactions with each other

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62
Q

Assumptions of symbolic interactionalism

A

-health and illness are social constructions
-what’s considered health or ill changes based on constructions

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63
Q

Medicalization

A

Previously non medical ideas now medical
-medical marijuna

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64
Q

Deviance

A

Differing from a norm or from accepted standards of a society

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65
Q

Criticisms of symbolic interactionalism

A

-tends to focus on micro level, rather than contextual level
-more descriptive than explanatory

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66
Q

Post modernism

A

-there is no ONE truth
-only different knowledge that varies over time
-subjective
-many viewpoints

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67
Q

Post modernism and healthcare

A

-many choices avalible for treatments
-globalization
-internet informed ppl

68
Q

Health surveillance post modernism

A

-people carry out their own surveillance and choose their own treatment
-power has shifted
-rejection of science

69
Q

Marxism

A

-materialism
-oppressing group vs controlling group
-physical well being + worldly possessions = value

70
Q

Social production of disease

A

-morbidity and mortality higher among individuals doing routine types of work

71
Q

Materialism

A

Seeing illness in individualistic terms rather than social and environmental

72
Q

Feminism

A

-power difference between genders
-research often done on males
-gendered division of labours in healthcare

73
Q

Critical race theory

A

-race differences in health status
-radicalized experience of both paitents and workers
-equity differences

74
Q

Post colonialism

A

Conflict over power, land and resources
-still exists

75
Q

Indigenous health

A

-death and illness assosciated with poverty and inadequate standards of living
-systemic structured racism

76
Q

Social marketing

A

Commercial marketing principles to advance public good
-tackling poverty

77
Q

Traditional methods to influence behaviours

A

Education and policy

78
Q

Marketing principles

A

Research and evaluation

79
Q

The four P’s

A

Product, Price, Place, Promotion

80
Q

Product

A

Tangible (services and practices) and intangible (environmental protection and energy conservation)

81
Q

Price

A

What must the consumer do to obtain the product
- is it worth it

82
Q

Place

A

-way it reaches the consumer
-bathroom signs

83
Q

Promotion

A

Use of advertising, public relations etc
-communication efforts

84
Q

Public’s

A

External and internal groups

85
Q

Partnerships

A

Other groups to partner with
-engage social marketing program

86
Q

Policy

A

Support behaviour changes

87
Q

Purse strings

A

Need to seek funding through grants

88
Q

Life course

A

Understanding a persons life
-beginning with an event history

89
Q

Cohort

A

Group of persons born at same historical time
-experience particular social changes
-at the same age

90
Q

Life event

A

-significant occurrence involving abrupt change
-long lasting effects

91
Q

Trajectory

A

-long term patterns
-multiple turning points and transitions

92
Q

Turning point

A

-major change occurs in life trajectory
-lasting change
-obvious only after time passes

93
Q

Transition

A

-occurs with trajectories
-changes in role or status
Example: starting school, getting married

94
Q

Transition may be a turning point if

A

-followed by crisis
-conflict
-non typical age

95
Q

British North American act

A

-gov role in health care is minimal
-split responsibilities between federal and provincial

96
Q

Federal government healthcare responsibilities

A

-quarantines
-refugee claimants
-treat First Nations and Inuit

97
Q

Flexner report

A

A push toward biomedical model
-male dominated
-scientific based practice

98
Q

Tommy Douglas - Medicare

A

Medical services financed with taxes
-administered publicly

99
Q

Medical care act

A

Provincial medical insurance, meeting four criteria
-comprehensive
-universal
-portable
-publicly administered

100
Q

Why did the lalonde report emerge

A

People were dying despite medical interventions

101
Q

ALMA ata declaration

A

Identified primary health care as key to health for all

102
Q

Canada health act

A

Provinces and territories must meet
5 criteria
2 provisions
2 conditions

103
Q

Provisions of Canada health act

A

-discourage financial contributions by paitents

104
Q

Conditions of the Canada health act

A

-recognize federal payments
-provide information

105
Q

Public administration: Canada health act

A

Program needs to be administer on non profit basis
-accountability

106
Q

Comprehensiveness: Canada health act

A

Program must cover all medically necessary services

107
Q

Universality: Canada health act

A

Every permanent resident is entitled to receive insured health care services

108
Q

Portability: Canada health act

A

Provinces and territories must cover citizens when they are temporarily absent from their provincial residence in Canada

109
Q

Accessibility : Canada health act

A

Reasonable access to services cannot be obstruction
-by discrimination
-or financial issues

110
Q

Role of governments in healthcare

A

-health care financing
-administers health care services
-provide insurance

111
Q

Health promotion

A

Enables people to increase their control over their own health
-and to improve health

112
Q

Determinants of health

A

Things that affect peoples ability to have good health/health services
Indivudal and social factors that influence a populations health

113
Q

Upstream vs downstream

A
114
Q

Systemic racism

A

Whiteness and white superiority become embedded in the policies of Canadian institutions

115
Q

Whiteness

A

System that advantages euro Canadians over BIPOC

116
Q

Settler society

A

Societies rooted in western traditions

117
Q

Health indicators

A

-used to measure health
Direct or indirect

118
Q

Direct health indicators

A

Measuring blood pressure, respirations, heart rate
-disease rates, mortality rates

119
Q

Indirect indicators of health

A

Social development, education levels, poverty indicators

120
Q

Self rated health is considered to be

A

More reliable when indicating health status

121
Q

Considerations for gathering population data

A

-definition
-validity
-accessible
-utility

122
Q

Quantitative vs qualitative

A

Qualitative: quality of experiences/interpretation, subjective
Quantitative: controlled measurements, objective (BMI)

123
Q

Epidemiology

A

Study of patterns of disease in the population

124
Q

Health promotion related to epidemiology

A

Collaborative work to, improve health through various efforts

125
Q

Health surveillance related to epidemiology

A

Collecting health data to track diseases and monitor
-promotes health

126
Q

Health protection in relation to epidemiology

A

Protecting population from infectious disease and other health problems

127
Q

Population health assessment related to epidemiology

A

Understanding the health of communities to create better services
-identify most effective outcomes

128
Q

Disease and injury prevention related to epidemiology

A

Proving safe and health lifestyles to prevent illness and risk of infectious disease
-through investigation and preventative measures

129
Q

Emergency prediction prepardness and response in relation to epidemiology

A

Planning for natural of human made disasters to minimize negative affects on health

130
Q

Purpose of epidemiology

A

Identify risk factors and then
-prevention and treatment of disease
-distribution of health problems in the population

131
Q

Life expectancy

A

Crude indicator of population health
-life expectancy at birth

132
Q

Incidence

A

Disease or health condition refers to the number of individuals in a population who develop the condition during a specified time period

133
Q

Prevalence

A

Refers to the total number of indivudals in the population who ha e the condition at a particular time

134
Q

New people being diagnosed and entering the vessel is an example of…

A

Incidence

135
Q

Indivudals with disese who die and leave the vessel is an example of…

A

Mortality

136
Q

Number of people at any one time in the vessel represents…

A

Prevalence

137
Q

Crude mortality rate

A

Total deaths from any cause in a given year in a population

138
Q

Infant mortality rate

A

Total deaths of infants in a given year in a population

139
Q

Potential years lost

A

Someone who dies earlier in life and how much longer they could have lived
-represents lost greater potential

140
Q

Three elements of the epidemiological triangle

A

-host
-agent
-environment

141
Q

Premise of the trans theoretical model of change

A

Behaviour change is an ongoing process not an event

142
Q

Assumptions of the trans theoretical model of change

A

Indivudals have carrying levels of motivation of readiness to change

143
Q

Three assumptions of trans theoretical model of change

A

-behaviour change is ongoing process not event
-varying levels of motivation
-varying information needs for each stage of change

144
Q

Spiral pattern

A

-Precontemplation
-contemplation
-preparation
-action
-maintenance
-relapse

145
Q

Precontemplation

A

-no intention to change
-unaware of problem
Not ready to change

146
Q

Contemplation

A

-aware of problem
-thinking about overcoming
-but not committed to take action

147
Q

Preparation

A

-prepared for action
-intending to take action in the near future

148
Q

Action

A

-modifies their behaviour in order to overcome their problem
-requires time and commitment

149
Q

Maintenance

A

-works to prevent relapse
-can last for six months to lifetime
-a continuation of change

150
Q

Relapse

A

Resumption of old behaviours

151
Q

Experiential process

A

-consciousness raising
-dramatic relief
-self reevaluation
-social liberation

152
Q

Behavioural processes

A

-counterconditioning
-contingency management
-self liberation
-stimuli’s control

153
Q

Experiential process : consciousness raising

A

Inc information about self and problem
-why change could be helpful

154
Q

Experiential process: dramatic relief

A

Emotional arousal, experiencing and expressing feelings

155
Q

Experiential process: self reevaluation

A

Assessing how one feels and thins about oneself

156
Q

Experiential process: social liberation

A

Increasing alternatives for non problem behaviours avalible in society

157
Q

Behavioural processes: self liberation

A

Choosing and committing to an act

158
Q

Behavioural processes: counter conditioning

A

Substituting alternatives for problem behaviours

159
Q

Behavioural processes: stimuli’s control

A

Avoiding stimuli that elicits problem behaviour

160
Q

Behavioural processes: reinforcement management

A

Rewarding oneself or being rewarded by other

161
Q

Self efficacy

A

Belief about ones own competence and ability to self regulate

162
Q

High level of self efficacy

A

More likely to initiate and maintain the behaviour

163
Q

Low level of self efficacy

A

Less likely to initiate and maintain the behaviour

164
Q

Decisonal balance

A

Weighing the pros and cons of changing behaviours
-helps predict a persons stages of change

165
Q

Population health approach

A

-measured by health status indicators
-address health inequities

152 Remade (1 decks)

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