Principles of Training - Enhance Motor Learning and Performance

Question 1

What are the classifications of motor skills?

Answer 1

• Gross vs fine
• Continuous vs discrete
• Open vs closed
• Gentiles taxonomy

Question 2

What are the stages of learning?

Answer 2

Cognitive, intermediate and autonomous

Question 3

Define the cognitive stage

Answer 3

Rely on verbal feedback and environmental information to perform a task

Question 4

Define the intermediate stage

Answer 4

Focus on quality of movement using mass practice

Question 5

Define the autonomous stage

Answer 5

Less cognitive effort and attention required, is able to problem solve to deal with novel situations

Question 6

What are the tools of training that can be implemented by a physio?

Answer 6

• Goals/instructions
• Feedback/motivation
• Manual guidance
• Structuring the environment
• Practice types

Question 7

Explain goals/instructions

Answer 7

Involves conveying what is being done (method), how the information is conveyed (i.e. verbally, demonstrations, modelling), and the timing of the instructions

Question 8

Explain feedback/motivation

Answer 8

Involves conveying what is needed to improve the next attempt (i.e. knowledge of results KR, knowledge of performance KP) and how it is conveyed

Question 9

Explain manual guidance

Answer 9

What is conveyed through passive movement gives the idea of the movement, and spatiotemporal constraint or physical restriction (reducing degrees of freedom) is useful in initial stage of learning to reduce errors

Question 10

Explain structuring the environment

Answer 10

Changing the environment to simplify the task (accommodating for impairments) or complicate it, and use of visual cues

Question 11

Explain practice types

Answer 11

• Physical vs mental
• Part vs whole
• Repetitive vs variable
• Supervised vs unsupervised

Question 12

How can we prescribe training?

Answer 12

Training needs to be matched to current ability - taking into account muscle strength and coordination impairments

Question 13

What are some strategies we can use to increase practice?

Answer 13

• Mental practice
• Protocols
• Workstations
• Classes
• Forced use
• Organising the environment
• Use of community
• Monitoring practice

Question 14

What is biomechanics?

Answer 14

Biomechanics is the study of forces and the effects of those forces on and within the body, inclusive of kinematics and kinetics

Question 15

What are kinematics?

Answer 15

The forces we see - e.g. displacement, velocity, acceleration, etc.

Question 16

What are kinetics?

Answer 16

The forces that cause what we see - e.g. weight of segments, forces produced by muscles, inertia forces, and reaction forces

Question 17

What are adaptive strategies?

Answer 17

AKA compensation, these are strategies adopted to achieved desired results goals which become substitutes for efficient and flexible performance of that task. These become learned behaviours if they are successful in achieving the immediate goal and are practiced

Question 18

Describe the clinical reasoning model

Answer 18

OBSERVE: missing important components, adaptive strategies
HYPOTHESIZE: what impairments are causing this
TEST: are the impairments present
DECIDE: what impairments are causing this
TRAIN: address the impairments

Question 19

What are the common impairments?

Answer 19

• Weakness
• Reduced coordination
• Pain
• Reduced ROM
• Reduced sensation
• Reduced proprioception
• Poor cognition
• Poor vision