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Toxicology > Principles of Toxicology > Flashcards

Principles of Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

Father of Toxicology

A

Paracelsus- Swiss physician

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2
Q

toxic

A

something poisonous, or causes adverse effects

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3
Q

toxicology

A

the study of poisons

concerned with identification, treatment and assessing risks of poisons

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4
Q

toxicant

A

compounds that cause toxicity

may be natural or man-made xenobiotic

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5
Q

xenobiotic

A

foreign substance

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6
Q

antidote

A
  • remedy to counteract poison
  • usually refers to any substance that prevents/relieves the effects of a toxicant
  • no antidote works on all toxins and some can be potentially harmful
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7
Q

toxins

A

consist of manmade chemicals and natural products

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8
Q

classify as extremely toxic

A

< 1 mg/kg

ex: botulism, strychnine

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9
Q

classify as highly toxic

A

1-50 mg/kg

ex: nicotine

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10
Q

classify as moderately toxic

A

50-500 mg/kg

ex: aspirin, foxglove, acetaminophin

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11
Q

classify as slightly toxic

A

0.5-5 g/kg

ex: salt, grapes

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12
Q

classify as practically non-toxic

A

5-15 g/kg

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13
Q

classify as relatively harmless

A

> 15 g/kg

ex: water

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14
Q

additive chemical interaction

A

sum of the effects

1 + 1 = 2

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15
Q

antagonistic chemical interactions

A

blocks or brings down the negativity of the effects

1 + 1 = 1

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16
Q

synergistic chemical interaction

A

compounds work together and significantly increase the effects

1 + 1 = 4

17
Q

factors related to the toxicant

A
  • chemical structure
  • affinity for some molecules
  • what the toxicant is mixed in (carrier, adjuvant)
18
Q

factors related to exposure

A
  • dose
  • route of entry
  • duration of exposure
19
Q

factors related to the subject

A
  • species
  • age of animal (young and old more susceptible)
  • health status
  • prior exposure
  • physiological complications
20
Q

factors related to the environment

A
  • climate/temperature
    • chemicals degrade faster at higher temperatures, body temp dictates how drugs are metabolized
  • pH of stomach
    • affects absorption of chemicals
21
Q

examples of species differences

A
  • cats deficient in glucuronidation
  • dogs deficient in acetylation
  • pigs deficient in sulfation
  • pregnancy also alters metabolism
22
Q

acute exposure

A

single dose exposure or several doses within a 24 hour period

23
Q

sub-acute/subchronic exposure

A

exposure over 7-90 days

24
Q

chronic exposure

A

protracted exposure (6 months - lifetime)

25
Q

dose-response relationship

A
  • central concept of toxicology
  • assumes a cause and effect relationship and that response is proportional to dose
26
Q

4 concepts important to toxicokinetics

A
  • Absorption
  • Distribution
  • Excretion
  • Metabolism
27
Q

most important veterinary toxicants are absorbed via which routes?

A

oral and dermal

28
Q

job of metabolism

A

detoxifies a compound and increases its elimination

29
Q

bioactivation

A
  • when metabolism increases the toxicity of a compound
  • ex: benzoapyrene, aflatoxin, acetaminophen
  • also happens with some drugs
30
Q

4 steps in the mechanism of toxicity

A
  1. delivery from site of exposure to target
  2. reaction of the ultimate toxicant with the target molecule
  3. cellular dysfunction and resultant toxicities
  4. repair (apoptosis, tissue regeneration) or disrepair (tissue necrosis, fibrosis, cancer)
31
Q

2 main ways toxicants cause toxicity

A
  1. cellular damage (can result from free radical damage, inhibition of energy production, disruption of enzyme function)
  2. organ system dysfunction (not associated with specific cellular injury, but lethal to intact organism)
32
Q

10 of the most dangerous foods for dogs

A
  1. alcohol
  2. avocados
  3. chocolate
  4. coffee and caffeine
  5. fruit with pits and seeds
  6. grapes and raisins
  7. macadamia nuts
  8. garlic and onions
  9. xylitol
  10. yeast dough

Toxicology (8 decks)

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