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CATA 263 > Principles of Protective Equipment > Flashcards

Principles of Protective Equipment Flashcards

1
Q

Why use protective equipment?

A
  • specialized equipment can protect a participant from accidental or routine injuries associated w/ sport/PA
  • (ensure it is used properly, fits properly, good condition, used as intended)
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2
Q

What are disadvantages to wearing protective equipment?

A
  • May lead to players feeling too safe and becoming more aggressive/reckless
  • Can reduce ROM and visual field
  • Discomfort
  • Can create a psychological dependance
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3
Q

What are Focal Injuries?

A
  • High speed
  • Low mass forces
  • concentrated in smaller area
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4
Q

What are diffuse injuries?

A
  • low velocity
  • high mass forces
  • absorbed over larger area
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5
Q

Equipment design factors that can reduce potential injury (7)

A
  1. inc. impact area
  2. transfer/disperse impact area to another part of body
  3. limit relative motion of a body part
  4. add mass to body part to limit deformation and displacement
  5. reduce friction btwn contacting surfaces
  6. absorb energy
  7. resist absorption of bacteria, fungi and viruses
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6
Q

What are 3 ways of reducing forces?

A
  1. deflection
  2. dispersion
  3. absorption
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7
Q

What is low density material?

A

Light and comfortable, only effective at low lvls of impact intensity
- gauze padding, foam, neoprene, felt, moleskin
- useful for reducing friction and preventing blisters

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8
Q

What is high density material

A

Less comfortable
- absorbs more energy by deformation
- protect from direct blows and focal injuries
- plastics, orthoplast, casting material

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9
Q

What are soft materials?

A
  • air in material
  • open-cell foam: quickly deform under stress (like a sponge, can absorb fluids)
  • closed-cell foam: returns to original shape quickly (less cushioning at low lvls of impact)
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10
Q

What are the 4 casting materials?

A
  • plaster
  • fiberglass
  • thermoplastic
  • 3D printing
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11
Q

Casting material: plaster

A
  • most common
  • inexpensive
  • easy to mold
  • cannot get wet
  • heaviest option
  • takes a couple of days to fully harden
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12
Q

Casting material: fiberglass

A
  • hardens within a couple of hours
  • more breathable
  • lighter
  • mostly water-resistant
  • usually for kids
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13
Q

Casting material: thermoplastic

A
  • hardens within minutes
  • easily moldable and adjustable
  • most expensive
  • most comfortable
  • can be removed to clean/shower
  • offers less support
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14
Q

Casting material: 3D printing

A
  • experimental
  • very comfortable
  • breathable
  • lightest
  • customizable
  • waterproof
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15
Q

What are some committees for equipment standards?

A
  • National Operating Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment (NOCSAE): set standards for equipment to tolerate certain forces (helmets, shin pads)
  • Canadian Standards Association (CSA)
  • Hockey Equipment Certification Council (HECC)
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16
Q

Liability and Equipment standards

A
  • athletic staff duty to ensure proper use of protective equipment
  • duty of manufacturer to deign, manufacture and package safe equipment that will not cause injury when used for intended purposes
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17
Q

What is some protective equipment for the head and face

A
  • helmets
  • face guards
  • eyewear
  • mouth guards
  • throat protection
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18
Q

Describe helmets

A
  • absorb, disperse, and deflect high velocity high mass forces
  • do NOT protect from axial loading neck injuries
  • football helmet: air bladder-absorbing shock
  • higher temps affect absorption abilities (compress more easily and absorb less shock)
19
Q

Why are axial loading injuries dangerous?

A

main cause of spinal injury

20
Q

How to fit a helmet?

A
  • measure head circumference (1in above eyebrows)
  • check air bladders
  • check that it fits snugly around front, sides, and crown of head
  • chin strap is snug
  • no gaps bwtn cheek pads and face
  • base of skull is covered
  • helmed doesn’t twist
  • pressure on crown not brow
  • face mask secure and doesn’t block vision
  • ear holes aligned w/ ear canal
21
Q

Describer shoulder protection

A
  • Protect shoulders, upper back and chest
  • external shell made of lightweight yet hard plastic (deflect forces)
  • inner lining: closed or open cell padding (absorb forces)
22
Q

What are some parts of football shoulder padding?

A
  • cantilever pad (shock absorber)
  • anterior pads
  • cup (shoulder)
  • epaulet (flap)
  • belt and buckle
  • main cushion
  • rivet
  • neck
  • bias
23
Q

How do you fit shoulder pads?

A
  • flex arms at shoulder w/ elbows extended (check for ROM issues)
  • arms down, measure shoulders across back
  • wrap tape measure around chest
  • check clavicle is covered, and neck opening is adequate
  • check AC jnt, ant. deltoid, and scapula are covered
    secure elastic underarm strap (can only fit 2 fingers under)
  • enough neck space with arms lifted
  • centered at sternum
24
Q

What are some other sorts of protection?

A
  • rib protection (martial arts)
  • exoskeleton (jnt support)
  • volleyball pads
  • head airbag
25
Q

What are prophylactic braces?

A
  • help reduce severity and decrease risk of injury occurring
  • usually made of soft material w/ 1 or 2 hinges on lateral knee
26
Q

What are Functional braces?

A
  • provide support to areas already injured (e.g. ACL)
  • functional knee brace: control for tibial mvmt/glide
  • offloader/unloader brace are used for tibial plateau contusions or meniscus injuries
  • therapist must be comfortable w/ fitting brace and how to change restrictions (e.g. locked at 10 degrees of extension)
27
Q

What are rehabilitation braces? (describe the 2 types)

A

Immobilization (ex. Zimmer brace for ACL):
- prevents all motions at jnt
- ensure proper healing as mvmts can make surgery/injury worse
- usually worn for certain amt of time dictated by surgeon

ROM permissive (limited ROM):
- allow for early mvmt controlled btwn a fixed amplitude (e.g. knee flexion-extension that has to stay btwn 0-15degrees)
- advantages of early mvmt: prevent jnt adhesions, enhanced proprioception, inc. synovial fluid circulation to promote healing and lubrification
- not meant for RTP

28
Q

Motion Control for RTP: types

A
  • Tendon straps for tendinopathies
  • Foot orthotics
  • Prophylactic wrapping and taping
29
Q

Explain Tendon Straps for tendinopathies

A

Adds a buttress to create a new point of pull for the muscles

30
Q

Explain foot orthotics

A
  • quick option to treat or prevent posture, gait and foot abnormalities (fitted by pediatrist)
  • usually proper rehab + exercise prescription can get same results
31
Q

Explain prophylactic wrapping and taping

A
  • provide support to prevent injury while allowing functional mvmt
  • used during rehab process and returning an athlete to play
  • less effective than a brace/orthotic/rehab
  • needs to be re-taped
32
Q

What are the 8 principles of taping and wrapping?

A
  1. provide immediate first aid
  2. limit excessive jnt mvmt
  3. support and injured body part
  4. provide compression
  5. provide proprioceptive feedback
  6. secure protective pads and dressings
  7. allow early resumption of activity
  8. reduce chance of re-injury
33
Q

Why put on tape/wrap?

A
  • assists in stabilizing the jnts/injured tissue: limits ROM, provides additional external stabilization (external ligament)
  • enhances jnt stability through increasing proprioception
34
Q

Traditional athletic tape:

A

stretches and elongates, loosing much of its supportive properties after abt 20mins of activity

35
Q

What are you trying to do with tape?

A
  • limit mvmt into painful ROM
  • assist in the support of a lig
  • provide compression
  • disperse forces
    does NOT eliminate pain and risk of further injury
36
Q

What are the types of tapes?

A
  • Traditional pre-wrap and cotton zinc oxide
  • synthetic tape (powerflex/powertape)
  • KTape
37
Q

Describe traditional pre-wrap and cotton zinc oxide tape

A

Loses support after +/-20mins of activity

38
Q

Describe synthetic tape (powerflex/powertape)

A
  • allows sweat to pass through material
  • decreasing need to re-apply
  • last >30mins of exercise
  • maintains ROM restriction
39
Q

What do you do pre-application of tape/wraps?

A
  • quick decisions on players’ ability to RTP
  • skin check: blisters, cuts, rashes, etc.
  • PMSC
  • allergies to tapes/adhesives?
  • hair removal?
40
Q

Describe the application of tape/wraps

A
  • spray area w/ tape adherent onto skin
  • place patient in functional position
  • place pad/lubricant in areas sensitive to friction (i.e. achilles tendon)
  • add foam under-wrap if patient has allergies to tape
  • place strips in directions that assist you in keeping out of ROM you want to avoid (keep some tension on the tape)
  • overlap the previous tape strip by 1/2 to 1/3
  • avoid wrinkles
  • avoid windows in the tape
41
Q

What to do post application of tape/wraps

A
  • make sure no windows
  • recheck PMSC
  • check function of tape job (manually, sport specific)
42
Q

When not to tape!!

A
  • limitations to athletes’ functional ability (ROM, strength, functional mvmt, pain)
  • further assessment necessary
  • swelling: acute injury
  • at night (peripheral circulation)
  • certain sports (limitations)
  • psychological crutch
  • prolonged use
43
Q

Describe Kinesio Taping

A
  • re-educate the neuromuscular system
  • promote circulation and healing (lifts skin to aid in blood and lymph flow)
  • prevent injury
  • reduce pain
  • lymph drainage: web pattern
44
Q

How does Ktape work?

A

Lifting function over skin relieves pressure on nociceptors immediately, thus directly reducing perceived pain on compressive pathologies

CATA 263 (6 decks)

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