Principles Of Pharmacology Flashcards
What term describes the official name given to a drug by the pharmaceutical company that developed it?
Generic name
What term describes the commercial name given to a drug by the company that produce and market it
Brand or trade name
The movement of a drug from the site of administration to various tissues of the body is what kind of pharmacokinetic action?
Absorption
The movement of a drug by the circulatory system to the intended site of action is what kind of pharmacokinetic action?
Distribution
The change or bio transformation that occurs in a drug into a more or less potent, soluble, or inactive form is what kind of a pharmacokinetic action?
Metabolism
The elimination of a drug or its metabolites from the body to the external environment through the kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, skin, or lungs is what kind of pharmacokinetic action?
Excretion
What is the term given to the altered version of a drug after biotransformation occurs?
Metabolite
In what organ does the majority of a drug’s biotransformation occur?
Liver
What term describes the intended effects of drug?
Therapuetic effect
What term describe the unintended effects of drug?
Side effect and adverse effect
What is another term for drugs able to be purchased “over the counter?”
Nonprescription drugs
What term describes a drug that has been identified by the federal government as being potentially harmful if its administration is not supervised by a licensed health provider such as a physician, nurse practitioner, or physcian’s assistant?
Prescription drug
What is the name of the process that addresses how various drug forms affect the dissolution, absorption rate, and onset of action of a drug?
Pharmaceutics
What form of oral drug is expected to have the longest absorption rate?
Tablets that have enteric coating
What are the terms used to describe oral medications that come in forms that delay release of the medication?
Enteric coated (EC), extended release (ER)
What is the term for the medication that is injected into a vein, subcutaneous tissue, or muscle tissue?
Parenteral
What is the term for a medication applied directly to the skin?
Topical or transdermal
What is the term for the time it takes a medication in the body to decrease in amount by half?
Half-life
What is the term for the amount of time it takes a medication to demonstrate a therapeutic response?
Onset of action
What is the term for the amount of time it takes for a drug to demonstrate its full therapeutic effect?
Peak effect
What is the term for the length of time that a medication’s therapeutic effect lasts?
Duration
What is the term for the point in time when a drug is at its highest level in the body?
Peak level
What is the term for the point in time when a drug is at its lowest level in the body?
Trough level
What type of drug binds with the receptor site on a cell and ellicits a greater than typical response?
Agonist
What type of drug binds with the receptor site on a cell and either blocks or precipitates a less than typical response?
Antagonist
What is the name of the process that occurs when a drug changes a target molecule’s typical response by inhibiting or enhancing the action of an enzyme that affects the target molecule?
Selective interaction
What is the term for the unintended effects of a drug that commonly occurs when a therapeutic dose of the drug is given?
Side effects
What is the term for the unintended effects os a drug that occur when the therapeutic dose of the drug causes severe or life-threatening effects?
Adverse effect
What is the name of the exaggerated response by the body’s immune system to a drug that precipitates a massive release of histamine and other chemical mediators?
Anaphylactic shock
What are some of the symptoms of anaphylactic shock?
- Swelling of the eyes, face, mouth, and throat
- Difficulty breathing and wheezing
- Rapid heart rate
- Extremely low blood pressure
- Cardiac arrest
What is the initial focus of treatment for anaphylactic shock?
- Re-establishment of an airway and oxygen therapy
- Administration of epinephrine to raise the pressure and dilate bronchi
- Administration of diphenhydramine (Benadryl) to block the additional release of histamine
What is the term for the body’s decreased response to a drug that is given over a period of time?
Drug tolerance
What is the term for the drug effect that occurs when the amount of drug given is greater than the rate at which it is being excreted?
Cumulative drug effect
What incident occurs when drugs are administered in excessive dosages or impaired excretion of the drug allows it to build up in the body until toxic levels are reached and toxic effects become evident?
Drug toxicity
What is the term for medications or certain foods that should not be used in conjunction with selected drugs due to their potential to cause serious or life- threatening adverse effects?
Contraindication
What term describes the process that occurs when one drug changes the way another drug affects the body?
Drug-drug interaction
What term describes the process that occurs when the effect of one drug is greater or potentiated when given with another drug?
Synergistic effect
What term describes the process that occurs when the effect of one drug is decreased or blocked when given with another drug?
Antagonist effect
What term describes the process that occurs when food changes the way a drug affects the body?
Drug- food interaction
What is the pregnancy safety category for medication that poses a possible risk to the fetus?
Category D
What is the pregnancy safety category for a medication that poses a significant risk to the fetus?
Category X
What physiological feature of the brain of an infant allows drugs to enter the brain that normally would be blocked in an adult patient?
Less effective blood-brain barrier
At what age in children does the rate of drug metabolism reach that of an adult?
12 years old
What pharmacokinetic process in an infant is decreased due to reduced perfusion of the kidney?
Excretion
What physiologic changes occur in the kidneys of older adults that reduce the excretion of drugs?
Decreased blood flow to kidneys and glomerular filtration rate
What physiologic changes occur in the gastrointestinal tract of older adults that reduce the absorption of drugs?
Decreased gastric pH, emptying, intestinal absorption, peristalsis
What are some methods by which patient knowledge is evaluated after patient instructions have been given?
- Ask drug-related questions
- Ask patient to repeat information given
- Require a return demonstration when administration of the drug requires a special technique
The change that occurs in a drug as it passes through the liver is referred to as what kind of pharmacokinetic action?
Biotransformation
