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Drugs & Behavior > Principles of Pharmacology > Flashcards

Principles of Pharmacology Flashcards

0
Q

What is the traditional definition of a drug?

A

Any chemical that alters the physiology of the body

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1
Q

What is the active ingredient in cannabis?

A

Tetrahydrocannibol (THC)

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2
Q

What is the improved definition of a drug?

A

Any chemical that alters the physiology of the body (other than food and nutrients)

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3
Q

Who claimed that, “Nearly all disease can be traced to a nutritional deficiency”?

A

Two-time Nobel Prize winner Dr. Linus Pauling

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4
Q

psychoactive (n.)

A

pertaining to effects on mood, thinking, and behavior

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5
Q

psychoactive drug (n.)

A

a drug that produces effects on mood, thinking, and behavior

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6
Q

pharmaco- (n.)

A

relating to principles of drug action

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7
Q

neuro- (n.)

A

relating to the nervous system

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8
Q

psycho- (n.)

A

relating to behavioral and mental processes

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9
Q

behavioral-

A

often (but not always) referring to conditional models

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10
Q

What is the trade name for cannabis?

A

Marinol

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11
Q

What is diphenhydramine?

A

Antihistamine

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12
Q

When and by whom was the Controlled Substances Act signed I to law?

A

In 1970 by Richard Nixon.

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13
Q

What is the most serious schedule of drug?

A

Schedule I (no medicinal use, high potential for abuse)

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14
Q

What is the least serious schedule of drug?

A

Schedule V (high medicinal value, low potential for abuse)

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15
Q

What is SDAPA?

A

Synthetic Drug Abuse Prevention Act of 2012

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16
Q

What did SDAPA do?

A

Placed 26 synthetic substances (ex. cannabinoids, cathinones) into Schedule I

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17
Q

What are some Schedule I drugs?

A

Heroin, LSD, marijuana, MDMA, peyote

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18
Q

What are some Schedule II drugs?

A

Morphine, cocaine, methamphetamine, hydromorphone (Diluadid)

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19
Q

What are some Schedule IV drugs?

A

Xanax, Valium, Ambien, many anxiolytics (e.g. diazepam)

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20
Q

What are some Schedule III drugs?

A

Codeine, anabolic steroids,

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21
Q

The name “delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol” is the ___________ for the active ingredient found in the cannabis plant.

A

generic name

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22
Q

bioavailability (n.)

A

the concentration of drug present in the blood that is free to bind to specific drug targets

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23
Q

What are the five main pharmacokinetic factors determining drug action?

A

Drug administration, absorption, binding, inactivation, and excretion

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24
Q

Most drugs are metabolized in the liver by the _____________ enzyme family.

A

Cytochrome P450

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25
Q

During pregnancy, _________ drugs effect the fetus longer than the mother due to ion trapping.

A

basic

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26
Q

Why does the first-pass effect occur with orally administered drugs?

A

Drugs absorbed into the bloodstream from the stomach go to the liver on the way to general circulation.

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27
Q

What are the main factors that affect psychoactive drug absorption?

A

Lipophilicity of drug, ionization, blood brain barrier, body surface area, and sex

28
Q

depot binding (n.)

A

the binding of a drug to an inactive site

29
Q

What are the main factors that affect psychoactive drug binding?

A

Target binding and depot binding

30
Q

metabolism (n.)

A

the process of biotransformation that results in the termination of a drug’s effects

31
Q

Are phase I drug metabolism reactions synthetic or non-synthetic?

A

Non-synthetic

32
Q

Are phase II drug metabolism reactions synthetic or non-synthetic?

A

Synthetic

33
Q

What happens when aspirin is metabolized?

A

Aspirin > phase I > salicylic acid > phase II > salicylic-glucuronide

34
Q

Explain drug competition.

A

If two drugs are metabolized by the same enzyme and are co-administered, they are active for longer and in higher concentrations.

35
Q

enzyme induction (n.)

A

an increase in metabolizing liver enzymes following repeated drug use, which can lead to pharmacokinetic tolerance

36
Q

Pharmacokinetic tolerance is common among ____________.

A

early-stage alcoholics

37
Q

enzyme inhibition (n.)

A

reduction in metabolizing liver enzyme activity associated with a specific drug

38
Q

genetic polymorphism (n.)

A

genetic variations among individuals that produce multiple forms of a given protein

39
Q

first-order kinetics (n.)

A

term used to describe exponential elimination of drugs from the bloodstream

40
Q

half-life (n.)

A

time required to remove half of the drug from the blood

41
Q

zero-order kinetics (n.)

A

term used to describe a constant rate of drug removal from the body, regardless of a drug concentration in the blood

42
Q

steady state plasma level (n.)

A

the desired blood concentration of a drug achieved when the absorption/distribution phase is equal to the metabolism/excretion phase

43
Q

What is the half-life of THC?

A

20-30 hours

44
Q

ligand (n.)

A

molecule that selectively binds to a receptor

45
Q

endogenous (n.)

A

from within organism

46
Q

exogenous (n.)

A

from outside organism

47
Q

affinity (n.)

A

the attraction between a ligand and a receptor

48
Q

Does a high Ki indicate a low or high affinity?

A

Low affinity

49
Q

Does a low Ki indicate a high or low affinity?

A

High affinity

50
Q

agonist (n.)

A

a drug that binds to my receptor and mimics or potentiates the effects of the endogenous neurotransmitter

51
Q

What are some opioid receptor agonists?

A

Heroin, morphine, codeine, methadone

52
Q

antagonist (n.)

A

a drug that binds to a receptor and blocks the action of the endogenous neurotransmitter or agonist drug

53
Q

efficacy (n.)

A

the ability of a ligand to activate a receptor

54
Q

ED50 dose (n.)

A

the dose at which there is response in 50% of subjects

55
Q

threshold dose (n.)

A

the minimum dose needed to observe a response

56
Q

potency (n.)

A

the difference in the ED50 of two drugs

57
Q

drug effectiveness (n.)

A

the difference in maximum possible effect that a drug will produce at any dose

58
Q

acute tolerance (n.)

A

tolerance that develops during a single administration

59
Q

metabolic/pharmacokinetic tolerance (n.)

A

repeated use of a drug reduces amount of the drug available at the target tissue

60
Q

pharmacodynamic tolerance (n.)

A

changes in nerve cell function compensate for continued presence of a drug

61
Q

behavioral tolerance (n.)

A

tolerance is not apparent or reduced in a novel environment

62
Q

classical conditioning (n.)

A

the elicitation of reflexive effects such as cortical arousla, elevated BP, or euphoria, and act as unconditioned stimuli

63
Q

What classes of drugs produce metabolic tolerance?

A

Barbiturates, alcohol, and morphine

64
Q

sensitization (n.)

A

the enhancement of drug effects after repeated administration of the same dose

65
Q

state-dependent learning (n.)

A

tasks learned in the presence of a psychoactive drug may be subsequently performed better in the drugged than nondrugged state

66
Q

therapeutic drug monitoring (n.)

A

multiple drug samples are taken after drug administration and plasma levels measured

67
Q

therapeutic index (n.)

A

the size of the amount between ED50 and LD50

68
Q

LD50 (n.)

A

the dose of a drug that is lethal in 50% of subjects

Drugs & Behavior (4 decks)

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