Principles of Pharm Flashcards
medical pharmacology
-area of pharm that covers the use of drugs in the prevention (prophylaxis) and treatment of diseases
toxicology
area of pharm concerned with the undesirable effects of chemicals and biologics on cell funtion
pharmacokinetics
effect of the body on drugs (absorption, distribution, excretion)
pharmacodynamics
action of drugs on the body (mechanism of action and therapeutic and toxic effects)
**pharmacoDynamics - D=effect of drugs on body
autonomic drugs
- target the involuntary, unconscious portion of the nervous system
- cholinoceptor-activating and cholinesterase inhibiting drugs
- cholinoceptor blockers/antagonist and cholinesterase regenerators
- sympathomimetics
- adrenoreceptor blockers
cardiovascular drugs
- antihypertensive agents
- drugs used in the treatment of acute coronary syndrome (ACS)
- drugs used in the treatment of heart failure
- anti-arrhythmic drugs
- diuretic agents
- the mechanisms of action vary widely- enzyme inhibition, receptor modulation, and physio changes
drugs affecting smooth muscle
- histamine, serotonin, and ergot alkaloids
- vasoactive peptides
- prostaglandins and their modulators
- nitric oxide donors and inhibitors
- bronchodilators
- potent musculotropic agents with both contractile and dilation effects
drugs that act on the CNS
1) sedative/hypnotic drugs
2) alcohols
3) anti-seizure drugs
4) general and local anesthetics
5) skeletal muscle relaxamts
6) anti-parkinsonian drugs
7) anti-psychotic drugs
8) anti-depressant drugs
9) opioid analgesics and antagonists
10) drugs of abuse
drug with actions on blood, inflammation, and gout
- anti-anemic drugs and hematopoietic growth factors
- drugs used in the management of thrombosis
- anti-hyperlipidemic agents
- non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs)
- drugs with diverse mechanisms of action including hormonal, blood thinning, and enzymatic inhibition
endocrine drugs
- hypothalamic and pituitary hormones
- thyroid and anti-thyroid drugs
- corticosteroids and antagonists
- gonadal hormones and inhibitors
- pancreatic hormones, anti-diabetic, and hyperglycemic drugs
- drugs that affect bone mineral homeostasis
- target endocrine sites by multiple mechanisms
chemotherapeutic agents
- antibiotics
- anti-fungals
- anti-viral chemotherapy
- anti-protozoal
- anti-helmentic
- cancer chemo
- immunomodulators
- can be used to control microbial infections, cancer cells, and modulate the immune system
drugs for GI
- drugs used in acid-peptic diseases
- drugs to stimulate GI motility
- laxatives,
- anti-diarrheal agents
- anti-emetics
active immunization
- inactivated bacteria
- inactivated virus
- bacterial polysaccharide
passive immunization
- immunoglobulins
- recombinant Abs
stem cell therapy
- use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition
- only widely used stem cell therapy is bone marrow transplant
the nature of drugs
- inorganic ions
- non-peptide organic molecular and organomimetics
- small peptides and peptidomimetics
- natural and recombinant proteins
- nucleic acids and their analogues
- lipids and lipid derived agents
- carbs and their derivatives
origin/source of drugs
1) microbes
2) plants
3) animals
4) inorganic elements and compounds
5) synthetic organic compounds
6) synthetic organomimetics (alpha and beta blockers)
7) biotechnology derived products
8) biologics and products of human origin/recombinant equivalents
drug formulations
1) liquid
2) tablets
3) suppositories
4) ointments
5) transdermal patches
6) sprays and inhalants
7) drug coating on medical devices (like stents, catheters, or extracorporeal circuits)
8) drug implants
9) micro and nanoparticles
10) targeted drug delivery (Ab directed)
absorption of drugs
- route of absorption
- blood flow (high vs low)
- concentration
route of absorption of drugs
- IV = immedite absorption
- intramuscular
- subcutaneous
- buccal and sublingual
- rectal
- inhalation
- transdermal
- other
movement of drugs in the body
- aqueous diffusion
- lipid diffusion - non ionic drugs
- transport by special carriers
- endocytosis
Fick’s law of diffudion
- predicts the rate of movement of molecules across a barrier
- the concentration gradient, permeability coefficient for the drug, and the thickness of the barrier impact a drug’s diffusion
lipid diffusion and ionization of weak acids and bases
- the pH of the medium determines the fraction of the drug which is charged (ionized) vs uncharged (non-ionized)
- If the pK of the drug and the pH of the medium are known, the amount of ionized drug can be predicted by means of the Henderson Hasselback equation
determinants of distribution
- size of the target site( organ)
- blood flow
- solubility
- binding
drug metabolism
- drug metabolism as a mechanism of termination of drug action
- drug metabolism as a mechanism of drug activation
- drug elimination without metabolism = metals, ions, and inorganic compounds
first order elimination
-the rate of elimination is proportional to the concentration
zero order elimination
the rate of elimination is constant regardless of the concentration
multicompartment distribution
-many drugs undergo an initial distribution phase followed by a slow elimination phase
single compartment distibution
-a few drugs can behave like they are distributed to only one compartment (vascular compartment)
drug-receptor bonds
covalent, electrostatic, hydrophobic, van der Waals, and hydrophillic bonds
Type I receptors
- plasma mb
- Ach and NE
Type II receptors
- cytoplasm
- steroid hormones
Type III receptors
- nucleus
- anticancer drugs
agonist
drug capable of fully activating the effector system when it binds to the receptor
antagonist
structural similarity to agonist and interaction with receptor but does not cause the same molecular change in the receptor so it inhibits the interaction of agonist with receptor
exceptions to drug actions mediated by specific receptors
- volatile anesthetics
- metal chelating agents
- osmotic diuretics
regulation of receptors
- down-regulation = pharmacodynamic tolerance or desensitization
- up-regulation = pharmacodynamic sensitization
receptor changes in disease
- myasthenia gravis = Ab to Ach receptors in motor end- plates
- familial hypercholesterolemia = decreased number of receptors for plasma LDL
competitive antagonism
reversible competition for agonist receptor binding sites without inducing a biological response
non-competitive antagonism
irreversible binding with receptor preventing agonist binding to receptor
chemical name of drug
utilizes rules of organic chem
code name
assigned to drug by pharm manufacturer
generic name***
if a drug is admitted to the US pharmacopoeia , the generic name becomes the official name of the drug
tradename
-if a drug is marketed by more than one pharm company, then the same drug may have several trade names but only one official generic name
prescription of drugs: generic vs tradename`
- a pharmacist may substitute a generic drug for a tradename drug unless the physician indicates “no substition” on the prescription
- the physician can indicate the manufacturer for generic drug
- generic drugs are cheaper but may be inferior
chemical equivalence
related to the amount of drug per tablet
biological equivalence
related to pharmacokinteics involving bioavailability
therapeutic equivalence
related to clinical response that will provide the same efficacy and toxicity
drug testing
1) pre-clinical testing and toxicology screen
2) phase I: 10 normal volunteers receive small doses and observed for safety
3) Phase II: small group of pts with the disease are observed for efficacy and safety
4) Phase III : large-scale clinical trial in patients with the disease and observed for best dosage for treatment of the disease
5) NDA (New drug application): if the FDA approves the NDA, then the drug goes on the market for general use
