Principles of Pharm

Question 1

medical pharmacology

Answer 1

-area of pharm that covers the use of drugs in the prevention (prophylaxis) and treatment of diseases

Question 2

toxicology

Answer 2

area of pharm concerned with the undesirable effects of chemicals and biologics on cell funtion

Question 3

pharmacokinetics

Answer 3

effect of the body on drugs (absorption, distribution, excretion)

Question 4

pharmacodynamics

Answer 4

action of drugs on the body (mechanism of action and therapeutic and toxic effects)
**pharmacoDynamics - D=effect of drugs on body

Question 5

autonomic drugs

Answer 5

• target the involuntary, unconscious portion of the nervous system
• cholinoceptor-activating and cholinesterase inhibiting drugs
• cholinoceptor blockers/antagonist and cholinesterase regenerators
• sympathomimetics
• adrenoreceptor blockers

Question 6

cardiovascular drugs

Answer 6

• antihypertensive agents
• drugs used in the treatment of acute coronary syndrome (ACS)
• drugs used in the treatment of heart failure
• anti-arrhythmic drugs
• diuretic agents
• the mechanisms of action vary widely- enzyme inhibition, receptor modulation, and physio changes

Question 7

drugs affecting smooth muscle

Answer 7

• histamine, serotonin, and ergot alkaloids
• vasoactive peptides
• prostaglandins and their modulators
• nitric oxide donors and inhibitors
• bronchodilators
• potent musculotropic agents with both contractile and dilation effects

Question 8

drugs that act on the CNS

Answer 8

1) sedative/hypnotic drugs
2) alcohols
3) anti-seizure drugs
4) general and local anesthetics
5) skeletal muscle relaxamts
6) anti-parkinsonian drugs
7) anti-psychotic drugs
8) anti-depressant drugs
9) opioid analgesics and antagonists
10) drugs of abuse

Question 9

drug with actions on blood, inflammation, and gout

Answer 9

• anti-anemic drugs and hematopoietic growth factors
• drugs used in the management of thrombosis
• anti-hyperlipidemic agents
• non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs)
• drugs with diverse mechanisms of action including hormonal, blood thinning, and enzymatic inhibition

Question 10

endocrine drugs

Answer 10

• hypothalamic and pituitary hormones
• thyroid and anti-thyroid drugs
• corticosteroids and antagonists
• gonadal hormones and inhibitors
• pancreatic hormones, anti-diabetic, and hyperglycemic drugs
• drugs that affect bone mineral homeostasis
• target endocrine sites by multiple mechanisms

Question 11

chemotherapeutic agents

Answer 11

• antibiotics
• anti-fungals
• anti-viral chemotherapy
• anti-protozoal
• anti-helmentic
• cancer chemo
• immunomodulators
• can be used to control microbial infections, cancer cells, and modulate the immune system

Question 12

drugs for GI

Answer 12

• drugs used in acid-peptic diseases
• drugs to stimulate GI motility
• laxatives,
• anti-diarrheal agents
• anti-emetics

Question 13

active immunization

Answer 13

• inactivated bacteria
• inactivated virus
• bacterial polysaccharide

Question 14

passive immunization

Answer 14

• immunoglobulins

- recombinant Abs

Question 15

stem cell therapy

Answer 15

• use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition
• only widely used stem cell therapy is bone marrow transplant

Question 16

the nature of drugs

Answer 16

• inorganic ions
• non-peptide organic molecular and organomimetics
• small peptides and peptidomimetics
• natural and recombinant proteins
• nucleic acids and their analogues
• lipids and lipid derived agents
• carbs and their derivatives

Question 17

origin/source of drugs

Answer 17

1) microbes
2) plants
3) animals
4) inorganic elements and compounds
5) synthetic organic compounds
6) synthetic organomimetics (alpha and beta blockers)
7) biotechnology derived products
8) biologics and products of human origin/recombinant equivalents

Question 18

drug formulations

Answer 18

1) liquid
2) tablets
3) suppositories
4) ointments
5) transdermal patches
6) sprays and inhalants
7) drug coating on medical devices (like stents, catheters, or extracorporeal circuits)
8) drug implants
9) micro and nanoparticles
10) targeted drug delivery (Ab directed)

Question 19

absorption of drugs

Answer 19

• route of absorption
• blood flow (high vs low)
• concentration

Question 20

route of absorption of drugs

Answer 20

• IV = immedite absorption
• intramuscular
• subcutaneous
• buccal and sublingual
• rectal
• inhalation
• transdermal
• other

Question 21

movement of drugs in the body

Answer 21

• aqueous diffusion
• lipid diffusion - non ionic drugs
• transport by special carriers
• endocytosis

Question 22

Fick’s law of diffudion

Answer 22

• predicts the rate of movement of molecules across a barrier
• the concentration gradient, permeability coefficient for the drug, and the thickness of the barrier impact a drug’s diffusion

Question 23

lipid diffusion and ionization of weak acids and bases

Answer 23

• the pH of the medium determines the fraction of the drug which is charged (ionized) vs uncharged (non-ionized)
• If the pK of the drug and the pH of the medium are known, the amount of ionized drug can be predicted by means of the Henderson Hasselback equation

Question 24

determinants of distribution

Answer 24

• size of the target site( organ)
• blood flow
• solubility
• binding

Question 25

drug metabolism

Answer 25

- drug metabolism as a mechanism of termination of drug action - drug metabolism as a mechanism of drug activation - drug elimination without metabolism = metals, ions, and inorganic compounds

Question 26

first order elimination

Answer 26

-the rate of elimination is proportional to the concentration

Question 27

zero order elimination

Answer 27

the rate of elimination is constant regardless of the concentration

Question 28

multicompartment distribution

Answer 28

-many drugs undergo an initial distribution phase followed by a slow elimination phase

Question 29

single compartment distibution

Answer 29

-a few drugs can behave like they are distributed to only one compartment (vascular compartment)

Question 30

drug-receptor bonds

Answer 30

covalent, electrostatic, hydrophobic, van der Waals, and hydrophillic bonds

Question 31

Type I receptors

Answer 31

- plasma mb | - Ach and NE

Question 32

Type II receptors

Answer 32

- cytoplasm | - steroid hormones

Question 33

Type III receptors

Answer 33

- nucleus | - anticancer drugs

Question 34

agonist

Answer 34

drug capable of fully activating the effector system when it binds to the receptor

Question 35

antagonist

Answer 35

structural similarity to agonist and interaction with receptor but does not cause the same molecular change in the receptor so it inhibits the interaction of agonist with receptor

Question 36

exceptions to drug actions mediated by specific receptors

Answer 36

- volatile anesthetics - metal chelating agents - osmotic diuretics

Question 37

regulation of receptors

Answer 37

- down-regulation = pharmacodynamic tolerance or desensitization - up-regulation = pharmacodynamic sensitization

Question 38

receptor changes in disease

Answer 38

- myasthenia gravis = Ab to Ach receptors in motor end- plates - familial hypercholesterolemia = decreased number of receptors for plasma LDL

Question 39

competitive antagonism

Answer 39

reversible competition for agonist receptor binding sites without inducing a biological response

Question 40

non-competitive antagonism

Answer 40

irreversible binding with receptor preventing agonist binding to receptor

Question 41

chemical name of drug

Answer 41

utilizes rules of organic chem

Question 42

code name

Answer 42

assigned to drug by pharm manufacturer

Question 43

generic name***

Answer 43

if a drug is admitted to the US pharmacopoeia , the generic name becomes the official name of the drug

Question 44

tradename

Answer 44

-if a drug is marketed by more than one pharm company, then the same drug may have several trade names but only one official generic name

Question 45

prescription of drugs: generic vs tradename`

Answer 45

- a pharmacist may substitute a generic drug for a tradename drug unless the physician indicates "no substition" on the prescription - the physician can indicate the manufacturer for generic drug - generic drugs are cheaper but may be inferior

Question 46

chemical equivalence

Answer 46

related to the amount of drug per tablet

Question 47

biological equivalence

Answer 47

related to pharmacokinteics involving bioavailability

Question 48

therapeutic equivalence

Answer 48

related to clinical response that will provide the same efficacy and toxicity

Question 49

drug testing

Answer 49

1) pre-clinical testing and toxicology screen 2) phase I: 10 normal volunteers receive small doses and observed for safety 3) Phase II: small group of pts with the disease are observed for efficacy and safety 4) Phase III : large-scale clinical trial in patients with the disease and observed for best dosage for treatment of the disease 5) NDA (New drug application): if the FDA approves the NDA, then the drug goes on the market for general use