Principles of Pharm Flashcards
What four prehistoric practices influenced pharmacology?
shamanism
animism
spiritualism
divination
Who is the first recorded physician?
Imhotep
Who is the “father of western medicine?”
Hippocrates
Name 2 subcontinental medicine influence on pharmacology.
India (ayurvedic)
China (traditional chinese medicine)
What is the difference between the Rod of Asclepius vs Caduceus?
The Rod of Asclepius is associated with medicine; Caduceus is falsely associated with medicine but is actually representative of commerce/trade.
What is the Materia Medica?
A collection of work throughout history based on botany, medicinal substances, and is a precursor to pharmacology.
Who is the “Father of Toxicology”?
Paracelsus
What did Paracelsus say?
“The dose makes the poison”
What is the purpose of a controlled drug trial?
It evaluates therapeutic claims and prevents worthless patents of medicines.
Pharmacodynamics
What drugs do to the body
Pharmacokinetics
What the body does to the drug
Pharmacogenomics
The correlation between genetic profiling and predictive responses to drugs.
Toxicology
The study of toxin effects on living organisms.
Agonist
A drug that elicits a response when attached to a receptor
Antagonist
Blocks a receptor from functioning
Toxins
Biologic (living organisms)
ex.) mushrooms
Poisons
Non-biologic
ex.) lead
Allosteric
When the drug binds to a site outside of the active site.
Orthosteric
When the drug binds to the active site.
Name the 3 main bond types and rank them from strongest to weakest.
Covalent
Electrostatic
Hydrophobic
Name 3 types of electrostatic bonds
charged molecules
hydrogen bonds
Van der Waals forces
Specific binding
binds at receptor site; has a maximum (plateaus)
Non-specific binding
drug binds elsewhere
ex) albumin
Describe the relationship involving bound drug concentration vs free drug concentration
the more drug that is given, the more drug that is bound (total binding)
specific binding: the more drug that is given, the more drug that is bound but there are only so many receptors to bind to.
non-specific binding: the more drug that is given, the more drug that is bound because it can bind anywhere outside of the receptor
ADME
absorption
distribution
metabolism
excretion
Drug concentration vs drug dose
concentration is the total amount of drug in the blood stream; the drug dose is how much drug you are giving
B max
maximum binding to receptor
Kd
drug concentration at which 50% of receptors are bound; changes depending on the drug affinity to receptor sites
E max
maximum effect; can be variable
EC 50
50% of drug effect is seen; a single point on the curve
Explain why the Kd is not the same as EC 50.
You could have 1 receptor bound to have a maximum effect or you could have all of the receptors bound to have a maximum effect. The Kd changes based on drug affinity.
EC 50 never changes; it is where 50% of the maximum effect is seen.
Explain how a drug concentration curve might look (in terms of drug/receptor affinity) if the the Kd is low or high
A low Kd = high drug/receptor affinity (shift to the left)
A high Kd = low drug/receptor affinity (shift to the right)
Agonist + Allosteric Activator
an even greater response seen than just giving orthosteric agonist
Agonist + Competitive Inhibitor
more drug needed to achieve the same effect as if only giving orthosteric agonist
SURMOUNTABLE
Agonist + Allosteric Inhibitor
Inhibitor is non-competitive; therefore, cannot be out-competed. shuts down the active site.
** will not see the same response as if only activator was given; a muted response is seen.
INSURMOUNTABLE
Partial agonist
Binds with less affinity; gives a PARTIAL response
in the presence of a FULL agonist, partial agonist acts as an ANTAGONIST; it out-competes the full agonist
the more partial agonist that is given, the less of a response you will see
What is an example of opposing charge antagonism?
Protamine (+) and Heparin (-)
What is an example of a physiologic antagonism?
Drugs that act on different receptors to oppose the effect
ex) Epi > B receptors (increase HR) & ACh on muscarinic receptors (slow down HR)
Inverse agonist
favors Ri (inactive receptor configuration)
in PRACTICE – acts as an ANTAGONIST
terminates constitutive activity (vs competitive antagonist, which keeps constitutive activity)
What are some receptors that inverse agonists bind to?
histamine receptors (H1/H2)
beta-adrenergic receptors
GABA receptors
5-HT receptors
dopamine receptors
Beta-1 agonists
direct: epi, norepi
indirect (mimic): amphetamines, cocaine
Beta-1 partial agonist
pindolol
acebutolol
Beta-1 antagonist
propanolol
atenolol
Beta-1 inverse agonist
carvedilol
nadolol
Optical isomers
mirror images (have the same chemical formula; but NOT the same effects)
ex) L and R glove
Racemic mixtures
a mixture of several different optical isomers
ex) R-Ketamine + S-Ketamine
R is usually more toxic and S is 4x more potent and the purified form
What are 4 factors that influence receptor interactions?
size
electrical charge
shape
atomic composition
What is the relationship between bond strength and specificity?
inversely proportional
the stronger the bond, the less specific the drug is; the weaker the bond, the more specific the receptor site
ex) covalent bonds are the strongest but contain the least specific receptor sites, while hydrophobic bonds are the weakest and have the most specific receptor sites
receptor vs receptor site
receptor: binding agent to the receptor site
receptor site: where the binding agent attaches to on cell surface
