Principles of Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

Which tumours typically spread to bone?

A

Breast
Bronchus
Renal
Thyroid
Prostate

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2
Q

Which metastases tend to be hyper vascular?

A

renal

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3
Q

What is the most common cause of osteolytic bone metastasis in children?

A

Neuroblastoma

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4
Q

Non operative treatment of osteolytic lesions?

A

Hypercalcaemia- Treat with re hydration and bisphosphonates.
Pain- Opiate analgesics and radiotherapy.
Some tumours such as breast and prostate will benefit from chemotherapy and or hormonal agents.

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5
Q

MOA of antimetabolite drugs?

A

S Phase specific drug, mimics uracil and is incorporated into RNA e.g. 5FU

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6
Q

MOA of anthracyclines?

A

Inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis by intercalating base pairs e.g. doxorubicin

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7
Q

MOA of topoisomerase inhibitors?

A

Inhibits topoisomerase II, prevents efficient DNA coiling e.g etoposide

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8
Q

MOA of platinum?

A

Crosslinks DNA, this then distorts molecule and induces apoptosis (similar to alkylating agents) e.g. cisplatin

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9
Q

MOA of alkylating agents?

A

Phosphoramide mustard forms DNA crosslinks and then cell death e.g. cyclophosphamide

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10
Q

MOA of taxanes?

A

Disrupts microtubule formation e.g. docetaxal

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11
Q

What does metastatic bone pain respond to?

A

NSAIDs, bisphosphonates or radiotherapy

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12
Q

Conversion from oral codeine to oral morphine

A

/10

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13
Q

Conversion from oral tramadol to oral morphine?

A

/5

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14
Q

Conversion from oral morphine to oral oxycodone?

A

/2

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15
Q

Conversion from oral morphine to subcutaneous diamorphine?

A

/3

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16
Q

Conversion from oral oxycodone to subcutaneous diamorphine?

A

/1.5

17
Q

What is chordoma?

A

Chordoma is a neoplasm originating from ectopic cellular remnants of the notochord and therefore arises from the midline of the axial skeleton.

18
Q

Where does chordoma commonly occur?

A

sacrococcygeal (50%) and clival (40%)

Chordomas can arise anywhere from the skull base to the sacrum

19
Q

Contraindications to lung cancer surgery?

A

Contraindications to lung cancer surgery include SVC obstruction, FEV < 1.5, MALIGNANT pleural effusion, and vocal cord paralysis (implies extracapsular spread to mediastinal nodes )