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Heme/Onc > Principles of Oncology 1 > Flashcards

Principles of Oncology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four defining features of cancer?

A
  1. Unregulated cell division
  2. Avoidance of cell division
  3. Tissue invasion
  4. The ability to metastasize
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2
Q

How many deaths are caused by cancer in the US?

A

1 in 4

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3
Q

How many people will be diagnosed with cancer in their lifetime?

A

40%

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4
Q

What is the most significant risk factor for cancer?

A

Age

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5
Q

What group are cancers most deadly in?

A

African Americans

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6
Q

What are the top 3 cancers in the US?

A
  1. Breast
  2. Prostate
  3. Lung
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7
Q

What are the top 3 causes of cancer deaths in the US?

A
  1. Lung
  2. Breast
  3. Prostate
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8
Q

What determines if an environmental exposure will cause cancer?

A

How long and how often the person is exposed

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9
Q

What percentage of cancers are directly linked to tobacco?

A

30%. 80% of lung cancers are smoker related

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10
Q

Are light cigarettes more safe?

A

No because people smoke them more often and deeper

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11
Q

What kinds of cancer does physical activity reduce the risk of?

A

Colon and breast cancer

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12
Q

Diets high in what have an increased risk of cancer?

A

Fat

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13
Q

What cancers does EBV cause?

A

Burkitt’s lymphoma, nasal T cell lympoma

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14
Q

What cancers do estrogens cause?

A

Endometrial, liver, and breast

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15
Q

What cancers do alcohol cause?

A

Liver, esophagus, head and neck

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16
Q

What cancers does H pylori cause?

A

Gastric cancer and gastric MALT lymphoma

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17
Q

What cancers do hepatitis B and C cause?

A

Hepatitis

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18
Q

What cancers do UV light cause?

A

Skin cancer

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19
Q

What cancers do tobacco cause?

A

Upper aerodigestive tract, bladder

20
Q

What age are mammograms recommended?

A

40 or 10 years before age of family onset

21
Q

What age are colorectal screenings recommended?

A

45

22
Q

What age is cervical cancer screening recommended?

A

21-65 (can reduce from 3 years to 5 years at 30)

23
Q

What is CAUTION?

A

Change in bowel or bladder
A sore that doesn’t heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickening or lump in the breasts, testicles, etc
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Obvious change in size, color, shape, or thickness of a wart, mole, or mouth sore
Nagging cough or hoarseness

24
Q

What do you need to make a cancer diagnosis?

A

Tissue biopsy

25
Q

How should you communicate bad news to a patient?

A
  1. Assess your patient’s understanding
  2. Give a warning shot
  3. Use words that your patient can understand
  4. Be quiet and listen
  5. Provide additional information
  6. Develop a plan for follow-up care
26
Q

What is the incidence of depression in cancer patients?

A

25%

27
Q

What is clinical staging based on?

A

Physical exam and imaging

28
Q

What is pathologic staging based on?

A

Surgical inspection and biopsy

29
Q

What is the TNM staging?

A

T = tumor size
N = node involvement
M = metastasis

30
Q

What are the determinants of treatment outcome?

A
  1. stage of disease
  2. physiologic reserves
31
Q

What is the Karnofsky score and ECOG interpretations?

A

Older patients and those with a Karnosfsky performance status <70 or ECOG performance status >/= 3 have a poor prognosis unless the poor performance is a reversible consequence

32
Q

What is the definition of cure?

A

Treatment has successfully eradicated all traces of a person’s cancer, and the cancer will never recur

33
Q

What is the definition of remission?

A

Signs and symptoms of a person’s cancer are reduced. Remissions can be partial or complete. In complete remission all signs and symptoms of cancer have disappeared

34
Q

What is the definition of relapse?

A

Return of signs and symptoms of a person’s cancer - treatment of a relapse is known as salvage therapy

35
Q

What is palliative care?

A

Goal is to improve quality of life by improving symptoms and side effects, the goal is not to cure

36
Q

Can you diagnose with tumor markers?

A

No

37
Q

What is the best use of a tumor marker?

A

Assess the response to a treatment

38
Q

What causes HCG elevation?

A

Pregnancy, gestational trophoblastic disease, gonadal germ cell tumor

39
Q

What causes calcitonin elevation?

A

Medullary cancer of the thyroid

40
Q

What causes a Fetoprotein elevated?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma, gonadal germ cell tumor, cirrhosis, hepatitis

41
Q

What causes a carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) elevation?

A

Adenocarcinoma of the colon, pancreas, lung, breast, and ovary. Pancreatitis, hepatitis, IBD, smoking

42
Q

What causes a lactate dehydrogenase elevation?

A

Lymphoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, hepatitis, hemolytic anemia, many others

43
Q

What causes an elevated prostate-specific antigen?

A

Prostate cancer, prostatitis, prostatic hypertrophy

44
Q

What causes an elevated CA-125?

A

Ovarian cancer, lymphomas, menstruation, peritonitis, pregnancy

45
Q

What causes an elevated CA 19-9?

A

Colon, pancreatic, breast cancers. Pancreatitis, ulcerative colitis

Heme/Onc (10 decks)

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