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neuropharm > principles of neuropharmacology > Flashcards

principles of neuropharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

what is pharmacology?

A

drug action and effect

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2
Q

what is psychopharmacology?

A

drug-induced changes in mood, thinking and behaviour

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2
Q

what is neuropharmacology?

A

drug-induced changes in brain functioning

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2
Q

what is neuropsychopharmacology?

A

identify substances acting upon the nervous system to alter disturbed behaviour

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3
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

change brain function to alter mood, perception and behaviour

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4
Q

therapeutic effect

A

desired physical or behavioral change

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5
Q

side effect

A

anything outside of the desired effects

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6
Q

specific effect

A

caused by drug-receptor interactions

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7
Q

nonspecific effect

A

based on individual characteristics
- experience, mood, expectations, attitude, genetics

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8
Q

pharmacokinetics (PK)

A

the study of how drugs move through the body

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9
Q

oral advantages

A
  • safest, most convenient and economical
  • self administered
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9
Q

oral administration

A

taken via mouth

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9
Q

oral disadvantages

A
  • least efficient
  • stomach acids destroy drugs fast
  • individual differences make it hard to know how much of the drug will be absorbed into the blood
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9
Q

intravenous (IV)

A

injecting drug directly into the venous blood stream

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10
Q

IV advantages

A
  • doses extremely precise
  • extremely fast onset of pharmacological action
  • less strain on liver
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11
Q

IV disadvantages

A
  • extremely dangerous
  • very few barriers between drug and brain
  • very little time for intervention
  • requires a health care professional for administration
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12
Q

intramuscular (IM)

A

directly into skeletal muscle tissue

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13
Q

IM advantages

A
  • faster than oral but slower than IV
  • absorption is more gradual
  • can be combined with other drugs like oil to control absorption
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14
Q

IM disadvantages

A
  • rate of absorption depends on rate of blood flow to that muscle
  • it hurts
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15
Q

subcutaneous (SQ)

A

under the skin

16
Q

SQ advantages

A

slow and steady

17
Q

SQ disadvantages

A

depends on derma layers, fat layers, blood flow to the area

18
Q

dura mater

A
  • layer of meninges
  • a thick, tough, protective membrane made of connective tissue that covers the brain and spinal cord
19
Q

epidural

A

injection mute afferent sensory communication (ex. can’t feel pain)

20
Q

inhalation

A

inhaled drugs and oxygen enter the bloodstream via lung capillaries and travel directly to the brain

21
Q

sublingual and intranasal

A

absorption via mucus membrane of nose and mouth gains access to the bloodstream

22
Q

transdermal

A

patches provide a slow, continuous and highly controlled release of a drug

23
Q

factors that influence how we absorb drugs

A
  • transport across membranes
  • lipid (in)solubility
  • ionization of drugs
  • genetic differences at every step along the way
  • current metabolic and homeostatic state
24
Q

capillaries

A

small blood vessels that are the site of exchange of many substances between the arterioles and venules

25
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

a highly-selective semipermeable membrane that separates circulating blood from brain

26
Q

passive diffusion

A

substances cross the membrane without the input of energy

27
Q

metabolism

A

the chemical alterations of drugs that reduce the effects of the drugs and increase their likelihood of excretion

28
Q

enzyme induction

A

repeated use of a drug increases the number of enzymes capable of breaking the drug down

29
Q

phase I metabolism

A

less reactive compound is converted to a more reactive molecule through oxidation, reduction or hydrolysis

30
Q

phase II metabolism

A

active or toxic molecules are converted to a less active metabolite

31
Q

kidney elimination

A

excrete water-soluble drugs and metabolites in the urine

32
Q

live elimination

A

bile excretes some drug molecules in feces

33
Q

exhalation

A

through the lungs or escape via sweat pores

34
Q

pharmacodynamics

A

the study of the physiological and biochemical interaction of drug molecules with cell receptors in their target tissue

35
Q

receptors

A

proteins on cell surfaces or within cells

36
Q

ligand

A

molecule that binds to a receptor with some selectivity

37
Q

agonist

A

produces biological effect

38
Q

antagonist

A

produces no cellular effect

39
Q

affinity

A

the strength of the attraction between a ligand and a receptor

40
Q

potency

A

absolute amount of drug needed to produce a specific effect

41
Q

ED-50

A

the amount of drug that produces the desired effect in 50% of patients

42
Q

TD-50

A

the dose at which a drug will be toxic to 50% of patients

43
Q

therapeutic index

A

TI= TD-50/ED-50

neuropharm (7 decks)

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