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ANAT2005 > Principles of neuroanatomy, the cerebral cortex, meninges, ventricles and CSF > Flashcards

Principles of neuroanatomy, the cerebral cortex, meninges, ventricles and CSF Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the subcortical nuclei?

A
  • striatum (caudate + putamen + globus pallidus)
  • amygdala (emotions)
  • hippocampus (memory and space)
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2
Q

What is the function of the diencephalon, and what are its components?

A
  • links cerebrum to brainstem
    1. epithalamus (pineal gland, day/night cycles)
    2. thalamus (many groups of nuclei that relay different types of sensory info: gatekeeper to the cortex, involved in motor and limbic connections to the cortex
    3. hypothalamus (survival homeostasis, involved in limbic functions, hormone production by by pituitary gland) (subthalamus - part of basal ganglia - modulates and integrates movement and muscle tone
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3
Q

Which sense is the only one that does not project to the primary cortical areas via different thalamic nuclei?

A
  • smell
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4
Q

What are the components of the brainstem, and what do they do?

A
  1. midbrain (mesencephalon)
  2. pons
  3. medulla oblongata
  • integrative sensory-motor functions (ascending/descending)
  • control of autonomic body functions
  • Cranial nerves (II-XII)
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5
Q

Discuss the surface features of the midbrain, as well as what information it receives?

A
  • superior colliculi, inferior colliculi, cerebral peduncles
  • contains nuclei for visual and auditory information, and controls reflexes associated with these senses
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6
Q

Discuss the functions of the pons, as well as its connections to the rest of the brain.

A
  • relays information to the cerebellum
  • connects forebrain (motor, descending) and hindbrain (sensory, ascending)
  • regulates breathing, swallowing, hearing, facial expressions and sleep cycles, etc.)
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7
Q

List the functions of the medulla, as well as its structural features.

A
  • connects spinal cord to rest of brain
  • swallowing
  • coughing
  • hiccupping
  • sneezing

Structure:
- pyramids
- olives
- obex
- 4th ventricle

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8
Q

Where is the reticular formation found, and what does it do?

A
  • important for integrative functions
  • found centrally throughout the brainstem
  • functions assoc. with movement, pain, breathing, and heart rate, consciousness, attention
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9
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A

(little brain): coordination of voluntary movement (precision), motor learning, control of balance, posture and speech, higher order functions (attention, emotions, memory and language)

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10
Q

Discuss the orientation of the spinal cord.

A
  • grey matter surrounded by white matter
  • dorsal -> sensory
  • ventral -> motor
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11
Q

What separates the left and right hemispheres of the brain?

A

The longitudinal fissure

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12
Q

What divisions of the somatic system are controlled by the areas around the central sulcus?

A
  • pre-central gyrus (M1)
  • post-central gyrus (S1)
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13
Q

What are the five cortical lobes and their broad functions?

A
  1. frontal - motor control and planning
  2. parietal - tactile sensation
  3. occipital - vision
  4. temporal - hearing, language, and learning
  5. limbic - emotions, memory and body functions
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14
Q

Where are the insular cortex and the claustrum located, and what are their functions?

A

Insula:
- is covered by the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes
- control autonomic functions through the regulation of symp. and parasymp. systems
Claustrum:
- thin nuclei that lies underneath the insula and is hyperconnected with most cortical areas (a hub)
- involved in the switch of consciousness

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15
Q

What is the frontal lobe, and where is it located?

A
  • occupies one third of cerebral hemispheres
  • four gyri (one vertical; three horizontal)
  • plans, initiates and regulates movement
  • language production (Broca’s area)
  • executive functions: personality, critically thinking, decision making
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16
Q

Discuss why the frontal lobe does not connect until mid 20s in adults?

A
  • Because it undergoes continuous myelination and therefore maturation, or rather elimination of risk-taking behaviour, is much-later developing
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17
Q

Discuss the primary motor cortex and the motor homunculus.

A
  • the precentral gyrus is the site of the primary motor cortex
  • the body is disproportionally represented in the primary motor cortex
  • contributes upper motor neurons to corticospinal and corticobulbar pathways
  • control of skeletal muscle via lower motor neurons
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18
Q

Discuss where Broca’s area is situated, and its function in speech

A
  • found in the inferior frontal gyrus
  • dominant hemisphere is usually left
  • regulates pattern of breathing and vocalisation for speech
  • coordinates activity of respiratory, laryngeal, and pharyngeal muscles: muscles of the tongue, soft palate, lips, cheeks and mandible
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19
Q

Discuss the functions of the parietal lobe

A
  • receives somatosensory afferences
  • language comprehension (Wernicke’s area)
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20
Q

Discuss properties of the primary somatosensory cortex and the sensory homunculus

A
  • somatotopic map in postcentral gyrus (the site of the primary sensory cortex)
  • disproportionate representation of the body
  • receives input from somatosensory pathways
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21
Q

Discuss features of the temporal lobe

A
  • superior gyrus
  • middle gyrus
  • inferior gyrus
  • transverse temporal gyrus (Heschl’s gyrus): the site of the primary auditory cortex; tonotopically arranged
22
Q

What is the function of Wernicke’s area?

A
  • general interpretive area
  • receives info about all sensory info areas
  • integrates sensory info and coordinates complex visual and auditory memories
  • interprets what is seen/heard
  • damage to this area affects the ability to interpret what is seen and heard and therefore the ability to speak or read
23
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

A
  • visual information processing
  • association cortices lie next to primary areas
  • the calcarine sulcus divides the occipital lobe into upper (input from lower visual field) and lower (input from upper visual field) domains
24
Q

What is the function of the limbic lobe, and where is it located?

A
  • medial rings of frontal, parietal and temporal lobes (encircles the corpus callosum and diencephalon)
  • cingulate and parahippocampal gyrus
  • limbic lobe + associated structures from the limbic system
  • limbic lobe associated with emotion, drive and memory
25
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia (deep cerebral nuclei, striatum)?

A
  • control of voluntary movements, conditional and habit learning, eye movements, cognition and emotions
26
Q

What are white and grey matter tracts predominated by, respectively?

A
  • axons/fibres (mostly myelinated)
  • cell bodies (somas) and dendrites
27
Q

What are the three ways white matter connects different parts of the brain?

A
  1. commissural fibres
  2. association fibres
  3. projection fibres
28
Q

Define a commissural fibre, and provide an example.

A
  • connect homotopic regions of the cerebral hemispheres
  • the two cerebral hemispheres are connected by the corpus callosum and anterior commissure
  • corpus callosum connects frontal, parietal and occipital lobes, whereas the temporal lobes are connected by anterior commissure
29
Q

Define association fibres, and give examples of the different types.

A
  • connect different parts of the same cerebral hemisphere
    1. short (assoc.) fibres connect neighbouring gyri
    2. long (assoc.) fibres connect distant gyri
    3. superior longitudinal fascicle connects occipital lobe with frontal lobe
    4. cingulum and uncinate fascicle connect limbic cortices of temporal and frontal lobes
    5. inferior occipotemporal (longitudinal) fascicles connects occipital with temporal lobe
    6. arcuate fasciculus connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas
30
Q

Define projection fibres

A
  • projection fibres consist of efferent and afferent fibres connecting the cerebral cortex with the thalamus, deep cerebral nuclei, brainstem and spinal cord
  • (internal capsule)
  • all projection fibres pass through the corona radiata
31
Q

What are the three layers of brain meninges, from superficial to deep?

A
  1. Dura matter: tough outer layer
  2. Arachnoid matter: ‘spider web’ - blood vessels
  3. Pia matter: ‘skin’ on brain surface
32
Q

What is the difference in properties of dura matter in the cranium vs. in the spine?

A

Cranial - double-layered, attached to skull
Spinal - single-layered, suspended in vertebral canal

33
Q

What is the difference in properties between the cranial and spinal epidural space?

A

Cranial - no space
Spinal - space between dura and vertebral bone

34
Q

What is the difference between properties of the cranial and spinal pia matter?

A

Cranial - attached to CNS surface
Spinal - attached to CNS surface, expanded as denticulate ligaments

35
Q

What is the function of the meninges?

A
  • protect CNS by being a shock absorber
  • are populated with diverse array of immune cells, so as to form an active tissue barrier
35
Q

What is the function of the meninges?

A
  • protect CNS by being a shock absorber
  • are populated with diverse array of immune cells, so as to form an active tissue barrier
36
Q

What is the purpose of the dural folds, and what are its two components?

A
  • limit rotational displacement of head
    1. periosteal layer
    2. meningeal layer
37
Q

Explain the falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli and falx cerebelli with regards to their location and function.

A

FALX CEREBRI:
- The falx cerebri is a meningeal projection of dura, located at the midline between the two cerebral hemispheres.
-Thicker than surrounding tissue, plays a vital role in supporting the brain by dampening brain motion inside the skull.
FALX CEREBELLI:
-Vertical fold that separates the two cerebellar hemispheres and lies inferior to the tentorium cerebelli
TENTORIUM CEREBELLI
-Forms a roof over the posterior cranial fossa
-It shields the superior surface of the cerebellum and supports the occipital lobes of the cerebral hemispheres.

38
Q

What level of the midbrain is the cerebral aqueduct at? And what does the cerebral aqueduct do?

A
  • level of midbrain: connects the third and fourth ventricles, surrounded by periaqueductal grey matter
  • filled with CSF, allows for flow of it between the aforementioned ventricles
39
Q

What is the choroid plexus, and where is it located?

A
  • complex network of capillaries + pia + choroid epithelium
  • located within the pia matter, and lines nearly all ventricles of the brain
40
Q

What is the function of the choroid plexus?

A
  • produces CSF via the choroid epithelium (ependymal cells) that line the ventricles of the brain
  • continuous with aforementioned cells interconnected via tight junctions - creates a blood-CSF barrier
41
Q

What is the role of CSF?

A
  • physical support (cushioning brain against skull)
  • excretion of waste productions
  • nourishment and communication route (for chemical messengers to be distributed throughout CNS)
42
Q

What are the regions of the CNS where the blood-brain barrier occurs?

A
  1. arachnoid barrier level (one side of subarachnoid space is lined by arachnoid barrier cells)
  2. the blood-CSF barrier via tight junctions of the choroid epithelial cells
  3. true blood brain barrier, rows of tight functions between adjacent endothelial cells of CNS capillaries
43
Q

What are the functions of the blood-brain barrier?

A
  • modulation of entry of metabolic substrates and hormones
  • control of ion movements
  • prevention of access to CNS by toxins and peripheral neurotransmitters escaping into the blood stream, from autonomic nerve endings
44
Q

What is the route the CSF travels to reach its exit sites in the brain, and what are they?

A
  • From the lateral ventricles -> third ventricle (via intraventricular foramen of Monro) -> fourth ventricle (via aqueduct of Sylvius).
    Exits via:
  • One median (Magendi) foramen - results in filling of the spinal subarachnoid space
  • Two lateral (Lushka) foramina
45
Q

How is the CSF from the spinal subarachnoid space reabsorbed into dural venous sinuses?

A
  • arachnoid granulations
46
Q

What is the function of arachnoid granulations?

A
  • allow CSF to pass from subarachnoid space into the venous system
47
Q

What are the four dural venous sinuses, and where do they meet?

A
  • superior sagittal sinus
  • left and right transverse sinuses
  • straight sinus

All meet in the confluence of sinuses

48
Q

What is the function of the globus pallidus?

A
  • receives signals from caudate nucleus + putamen and sends information about motor control back to cerebral cortex (via thalamus). Signals from globus pallidus hit the brakes on unnecessary muscle contraction, keeping it smooth and intentional
49
Q

What is the function of the caudate nucleus?

A
  • a conduit for information from the cerebral cortex to the basal ganglia
  • receives signals relating to decision-making, motivation and motor control
  • helps brain select and refine movements for a given task
50
Q

What is the function of the putamen?

A
  • works with the caudate nucleus to transfer information from the frontal cortex to the globus pallidus
  • is involved in the initiation and learning of motor movements `

ANAT2005 (6 decks)

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