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Anatomy and Diagnostics Domain > Principles of Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Principles of Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest part of the brain?

A

The cerebrum

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2
Q

What is the cerebrum divided into?

A

Two cerebral hemispheres

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3
Q

What is situated below, and separate from the cerebrum?

A

Cerebellum

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4
Q

What do the cerebrum and cerebellum grow out of?

A

The brain stem

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5
Q

With what does the brainstem become continuous below?

A

The spinal cord

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6
Q

What thick layer of brain tissue covers the cerebral hemispheres

A

Cerebral cortex

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7
Q

What are the ridges and grooves of the cerebral cortex known as?

A 
Ridges = GYRI
Grooves = SULCI
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8
Q

Why is the cerebral cortex folded?

A

To provide a larger surface area

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9
Q

What sulcus divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?

A

Central sulcus

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10
Q

What sulcus separates the temporal lobe from the rest of the cerebral hemisphere?

A

SYLVIAN FISSURE

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11
Q

Where is the occipital lobe?

A

At the back of the brain

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12
Q

What are the primary functions of the frontal lobe?

A

Movement and higher-order cognition e.g. rational thought, decision making + planning.

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13
Q

What is the area in front of the central sulcus called?

A

Precentral Gyrus

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14
Q

What is the precentral gyrus essential for?

A

For motor control, as it is the location of the primary motor cortex

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15
Q

What are the primary functions of the parietal lobes?

A

Processing of sensory information. Also involved in attention and representation of the space around us

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16
Q

What does the post central gyrus contain?

A

The primary somatosensory cortex

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17
Q

What is the function of the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

Where sense of touch is processed

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18
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobes?

A

It is involved in processing auditory signals and important in aspects of learning and memory

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19
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobes?

A

Contains major visual processing areas of the brain, like the primary visual cortex

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20
Q

In the vertebral canal, where are the two lines of nerve filaments situated on each side of the spinal cord?

A

The dorsal and ventral aspects

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21
Q

What is the protective layer that the spinal lies within called?

A

the Dura

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22
Q

What is the loosely lined membrane along the Dura?

A

the Arachnoid

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23
Q

What is the pia?

A

A firmly attached membrane that covers the spinal cord

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24
Q

What is the space between the arachnoid and the pia called?

A

the Sub-arachnoid space

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25
Q

The sub-arachnoid space is filled with what?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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26
Q

What is the space between the Dura and the Vertebral canal wall called?

A

the Epidural space

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27
Q

What is the epidural space filled with?

A

Fat, loose connective tissue and blood vessels

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28
Q

What is the sleeve of Dura called?

A

the Dural sac (open at top end, closed at the bottom)

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29
Q

At the base of the skull, where does the Dural sac pass through?

A

The foramen magnum - this makes it continuous with the layer of Dura that surrounds the brain

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30
Q

Where does the Dural sac taper down to a point?

A

At the bottom end, within the vertebral canal of the sacrum - At the level of the second sacral segment

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31
Q

Where is the lower end of the spinal cord in an adult?

A

At the level of the first lumbar vertebra

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32
Q

What does meninges refer to?

A

The 3 membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord:
Dura Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater

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33
Q

Function of Meninges?

A

Protect and provide structural support for the brain. Also contains cerebrospinal fluid

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34
Q

What is the outermost layer of the meninges?

A

Dura Mater (means “hard mother”)

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35
Q

What does the dura mater adhere to

A

The skull on one side, arachnoid mater on the other side

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36
Q

Function of the dura mater?

A
  1. Provides brain and spinal cord with an extra protective layer.
  2. Attaches brain to the skull, and the spinal cord to the vertebral column -Keeps them from being jostled around
  3. Provides a system of veinous drainage through which blood can leave the brain
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37
Q

How did the arachnoid mater get its name?

A

Has the consistency and appearance of a cobweb

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38
Q

What are the strands of connective tissue that stretch between the arachnoid and pia mater called?

A

Arachnoid trabeculae

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39
Q

What do the arachnoid trabeculae do?

A

Help to suspend the brain in place

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40
Q

What is the space between the arachnoid and pia mater called?

A

Sub-arachnoid space - filled with cerebrospinal fluid

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41
Q

What is the pia mater?

A

A thin layer that closely follows the contours of the brain

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42
Q

What is the function of the pia mater?

A

Forms a tight membrane around the brain and spinal cord.

  1. Acts as additional barrier
  2. Aids in secretion and containment of cerebrospinal fluid
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43
Q

How are blood vessels held against the pia mater?

A

By connective tissue (this is before they penetrate the brain

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44
Q

Where can analgesics and anaesthesia sometimes be administered in the spine?

A

In the epidural space

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45
Q

How is the lumbar cistern formed?

A

By the dura and arachnoid mater extending several vertebrae below the end of the spinal cord.

The lumbar cistern is filled with cerebrospinal fluid

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46
Q

Why can cerebrospinal fluid be drawn from the lumbar cistern?

A

Because a needle can be inserted with little risk of damaging the spinal cord.

I.e. LUMBAR PUNCTURES can take place in the lumbar cistern

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47
Q

What disease can we diagnose using a lumbar puncture?

A

Meningitis - inflammation of the meninges —-> Life threatening

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48
Q

What does meninges refer to?

A

The 3 membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord:
Dura Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater

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49
Q

Function of Meninges?

A

Protect and provide structural support for the brain. Also contains cerebrospinal fluid

50
Q

What is the outermost layer of the meninges?

A

Dura Mater (means “hard mother”)

51
Q

What does the dura mater adhere to

A

The skull on one side, arachnoid mater on the other side

52
Q

Function of the dura mater?

A
  1. Provides brain and spinal cord with an extra protective layer.
  2. Attaches brain to the skull, and the spinal cord to the vertebral column -Keeps them from being jostled around
  3. Provides a system of veinous drainage through which blood can leave the brain
53
Q

How did the arachnoid mater get its name?

A

Has the consistency and appearance of a cobweb

54
Q

What are the strands of connective tissue that stretch between the arachnoid and pia mater called?

A

Arachnoid trabeculae

55
Q

What do the arachnoid trabeculae do?

A

Help to suspend the brain in place

56
Q

What is the space between the arachnoid and pia mater called?

A

Sub-arachnoid space - filled with cerebrospinal fluid

57
Q

What is the pia mater?

A

A thin layer that closely follows the contours of the brain

58
Q

What is the function of the pia mater?

A

Forms a tight membrane around the brain and spinal cord.

  1. Acts as additional barrier
  2. Aids in secretion and containment of cerebrospinal fluid
59
Q

How are blood vessels held against the pia mater?

A

By connective tissue (this is before they penetrate the brain

60
Q

Where can analgesics and anaesthesia sometimes be administered in the spine?

A

In the epidural space

61
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

Neurones that are concerned with detecting changes in external environment, or with the control of movement (voluntary movement)

62
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system?

A

Neurones that detect changes in and control activity of the viscera (internal organs) —-> internal, involuntary control of automatic processes

63
Q

What disease can we diagnose using a lumbar puncture?

A

Meningitis - inflammation of the meninges —-> Life threatening

64
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system divided into?

A

The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions - they have antagonistic effects on structures they innervate.

Sympathetic —> increases energy e.g. increase in heart rate, blood pressure and stimulation of sweat glands = FIGHT OR FLIGHT

Parasympathetic —> conserves energy e.g. slows heart rate, increases digestion and salivation = REST AND DIGEST

65
Q

What does caudal mean?

A

Towards the tail end = inferior

66
Q

What does dorsal mean?

A

The back = posterior

67
Q

What does ventral mean?

A

The front = anterior

68
Q

In transverse sections through the spinal cord and lower part of the brainstem, where are the dorsal and ventral aspects depicted?

A

Dorsal is at the top of the image

Ventral is at the bottom

69
Q

In axial/transverse images of the brain that contain the brainstem, where are the dorsal and ventral aspects depicted?

A

Dorsal is at the bottom of the image

Ventral is at the top of the image (this means that left and right are also reversed)

70
Q

What are the two components of the nervous system?

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

71
Q

What does the CNS consist of?

A

Brain and Spinal cord - contains most of nerve cell bodies and synaptic connections

72
Q

What does the PNS do?

A

Constitutes the link between CNS and structures in the periphery of the body - receives sensory information and sends controlling impulses

73
Q

What do groups called Nuclei consist of?

A

Nerve cell bodies with similar anatomical connections and functions e.g. motor neurones innervating a group of related muscles

74
Q

How is the brachial plexus formed?

A

When spinal nerves serving the upper limbs coalesce (i.e. join together) within which fibres are redistributed into peripheral nerves

75
Q

How is the lumbar plexus formed?

A

When spinal nerves serving the lower limbs coalesce (i.e. join together) within which fibres are redistributed into peripheral nerves

76
Q

What are ganglia?

A

Structures in which peripherally located nerve cell bodies aggregate

77
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

Neurones that are concerned with detecting changes in external environment, or with the control of movement

78
Q

What parts of the brain do the middle cerebral arteries supply?

A

Most of the lateral surface of the cerebral hemispheres

79
Q

Where are somatic and autonomic components found?

A

In the CNS AND PNS

80
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system divided into?

A

The sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions - they have antagonistic effects on structures they innervate

81
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

A

Innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and secretory glands.

82
Q

Nerve cells that carry info from peripheral receptors to the CNS are called…

A

AFFERENT neurones

83
Q

If the information that afferent neurones carry reaches consciousness they are called what?

A

Sensory neurones

84
Q

Nerve cells that carry impulses AWAY from the CNS are called…

A

EFFERENT neurones

85
Q

If the efferent neurones innervate skeletal muscle to cause movement, they are called what?

A

Motor neurones

86
Q

Where are the vast majority of neurones located and what are they called?

A

Interneurones - located entirely within the CNS

87
Q

Regions that are relatively enriched with nerve cell bodies are referred to as what?

A

Grey matter

88
Q

Regions that contain mostly nerve processes (usually axons) are referred to as what?

A

White matter —-> often ensheathed in myelin, which is why it has a paler coloration

89
Q

What are tracts?

A

When nerve processes sharing common connections and functions tend to follow the same course i.e. they run in tracts

90
Q

Which blood vessels supply the brain with blood?

A

Internal carotid arteries contribute 80% of blood

Vertebral contributes remaining 20%)

91
Q

After ascending the brain, which artery splits into the anterior and middle cerebral arteries?

A

The internal carotid arteries

92
Q

What parts of the brain do the anterior cerebral arteries supply with blood?

A

Medial, frontal and parietal lobes —> connected by the anterior communicating artery

93
Q

Before splitting into the anterior and middle cerebral arteries, what do the internal carotid arteries give rise to?

A

The anterior choroidal arteries —-> supply a number of different structures

Posterior communicating arteries —-> connect internal carotid arteries to the posterior cerebral arteries

94
Q

What is the fourth ventricle?

A

A cavity formed on the dorsal surface of the medulla and pons, wedged beneath the cerebellum and above the brainstem

95
Q

What do posterior inferior cerebellar arteries do?

A

Supply the inferior surface of the cerebellum

ALSO gives rise to posterior spinal arteries, which supply the posterior spinal cord

96
Q

Where does the anterior spinal artery branch off of?

A

The vertebral arteries

97
Q

What does the anterior spinal artery supply?

A

The anterior spinal cord

98
Q

How is the Basilar artery formed?

A

When the two vertebral arteries come together

99
Q

What does the Basilar artery give rise to?

A

The anterior inferior cerebellar arteries —–> These supply the rest of the cerebellar surface

100
Q

Where does the basilar artery split into two posterior cerebral arteries?

A

At the level of the midbrain

101
Q

What do the posterior cerebral arteries supply?

A

The medial and inferior surfaces of the occipital and temporal lobes

102
Q

How is the CIRCLE OF WILLIS formed?

A

The anterior cerebral arteries, internal carotid arteries and posterior cerebral arteries of the brain are all connected

103
Q

Function of the circle of willis?

A

Interconnection allows blood flow to continue if a major vessel is blocked on one side of the brain

104
Q

What are the ventricles?

A

A network of cavities that are distributed throughout the brain

105
Q

What is the choroid plexus?

A

A substance that lines the ventricles, made up of ependymal cells that secretes cerebrospinal fluid

106
Q

Two sheets of cranial dura mater incompletely divide the cranial cavity into two compartments, what are they called?

A

the Falx Cerebri

the Tentorium Cerebelli

107
Q

Cranial dura mater contains dural venous sinuses. What do dural venous sinuses act as?

A

Channels for the venous drainage of the brain

108
Q

What is the fourth ventricle?

A

A cavity formed on the dorsal surface of the medulla and pons, beneath the cerebellum

109
Q

How is the cerebral aqueduct formed?

A

When the walls of the fourth ventricle converge, forming a narrow tube

110
Q

Where is the cerebral aqueduct situated?

A

It runs the length of the midbrain, beneath the inferior and superior colliculi

111
Q

At the junction of the midbrain and forebrain, the aqueduct opens into …

A

the Third ventricle

112
Q

What is the size of the third ventricle?

A

Narrow from side-side, but extensive in dorsoventral and rostrocaudal dimensions

113
Q

What forms the lateral walls of the third ventricle?

A

The thalamus and hypothalamus of the diencephalon

114
Q

What is the interventricular foramen (foramen of Monro)?

A

A small aperture, near the rostral end of the third ventricle

115
Q

What does the Interventricular foramen do?

A

Communicate with an extensive chamber, the LATERAL VENTRICLE, within each cerebral hemisphere.

116
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A

A clear, colourless liquid that:
1. Performs important processes in the brain

  1. Surrounds the brain, forming a protective layer and suspending it in fluid —-> reduces the strain that forces like gravity would have on the brain
  2. Constantly flows through and around the brain, removes toxins and regulates the extracellular environment of neurones
117
Q

What is the hole area in the third ventricle called?

A

The interthalamic adhesion

118
Q

Where does CSF leave the brain?

A

At the 4th ventricle

119
Q

How far does the 4th ventricle extend?

A

It extends to and is continuous with the central canal, a CSF-filled cavity that extends the length of the spinal cord

120
Q

What happens if CSF circulation is blocked by a tumour or is otherwise abnormally excessive?

A

Can result in increased pressure, and expansion of the ventricles = HYDROCEPHALUS

Anatomy and Diagnostics Domain (1 decks)

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