Principles of Molecular Biology/Genetics Flashcards
DNA Replication
started by initiator proteins. DNA polymerase binds with a strand and begins creating complimentary strand.
Transcription
mRNA is synthesized from a single-stranded DNA template
Translation
mRNA is used to direct the synthesis of a protein
Genes
the basic units of inheritance. Composed of DNA located on chromosomes. Direct the daily activity of the cell by controlling production of proteins.
Gene expression
can be regulated at any given step in the pathway but most importantly with the transcriptional controls
Embryonic development
cell proliferation, cell specialization, cell-to-cell interactions, and cell movement and migration
2 proteins of multicellular development
transmembrane proteins and DNA binding proteins
Differentiate tissues
epithelium, connective, muscle, nerve
Epithelial tissue
cover the majority of the body’s surface. Epidermis completely replaced once per month.
Epithelial: Simple Squamous
blood vessels, pulmonary alveoli, Bowman capsule.
Epithelial: Simple cuboidal
thyroid, sweat/salivary glands, kidney tubules
Epithelial: simple columnar
intestine lining, glandular ducts
Epithelial: pseudostratified
male urethra, respiratory tract passages
Epithelial: Stratified squamous
skin, mucous membranes
Epithelial: Stratified columnar
epiglottis, anus, pharynx
Epithelial: stratified transitional
bladder
Connective tissue
most abundant and diverse tissue in the body. Is the scaffold on which cells cluster to form organs
Connective: Loose
dermis, adipose tissue, organs
Connective: Dense
cartilage, bone, tendons, joints, fascia, surrounding muscles
Connective: hematopoietic
bone marrow, lymph tissue, plasma
Muscle Tissue
tissues that are specialized for contraction
Muscle Tissue: skeletal
voluntary muscles of the body
Muscle Tissue: Cardiac
heart
Muscle Tissue: smooth
intestine, blood vessels, bladder, uterus, airways
Muscle tissue: myoepithelial
mammary, sweat, salivary glands
Nervous Tissue
provides rapid communication between CNS and various body parts
Nervous Tissue: neurons
central and peripheral nerves
Nervous tissue: neuroglia
primarily central nervous system
Phenotype
the physical and biochemical traits or attributes of an individual that are outwardly apparent
Autosomes
22 autosomes
Sex chromosomes
females have XX and males have XY
Meiosis
form of cell division that results in germ cells that are haploid (have half the normal number of chromosomes)
Genetic d/o classifications
chromosomal abberations, mendelian single-gene disorders, polygenic/multifactorial disorders
Aberrant number of chromosomes (aneuploidy)
most commonly caused by nondisjunction (failure of pair to separate).
Abnormal chromosome structure
translocations, inversions, deletions, duplications
Single Gene Disorders
classified by location and mode of transmission. Based on the principle that single genes are randomly transmitted and there is a 50:50 chance of receiving one or the other allele
Autosomal Dominant D/o
males/females equally affected
affected individuals have an affected parent
unaffected cannot transmit
50:50 chance of offspring having it
Autosomal Recessive D/o
males and females equally effected
disease usually not apparent in parents
unaffected can transmit
Sex-Linked D/o
usually recessive, almost exclusively linked to X chromosome.
affected individuals almost always male
fathers transmit to 0 sons and all daughters
Non-Mendelian Gene D/o
disorders caused by expanded triplet repeat mutations, disorders attributable to mitochondrial DNA mutations, disorders associated with genomic imprinting
Rubella
Teratogenic period begins before conception and up to 20 weeks
TORCH
toxoplasmosis, others, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes
