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Genetics > Principles Of Inheritance And Variation > Flashcards

Principles Of Inheritance And Variation Flashcards

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1
Q

The result seeds of tall and dwarfs cross were grown to make?

A

First hybrid generation/Filial 1 progeny/ F1

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2
Q

Mendels observation for F1 progeny?

A

All tall, none dwarf like one of its parents. Similar observations were made for other pair of traits. F1 gng with one of the parents and other parent wasn’t seen.

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3
Q

Self pollination of F1 gave? Tt*Tt

A

F2, the unseen character of other parent which was not seen in F1 was expressed

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4
Q

Which cross was done by Mendel to study the inheritance of one gene?

A

Crossed tall and dwarf pea

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5
Q

Proportions of tall and dwarf plants in F2

A

1/4 tall and 3/4 dwarf. The tall and dwarf traits were identical to their parental type and didn’t show any blending, they were either tall or dwarf and not in between.

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6
Q

What was the conclusion for T * t for inheritance of one gene?

A

Only one of the parental traits were expressed in F1 while at F2 both were expressed 3:1. Contrasting traits did not show any blending at either F1 or F2

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7
Q

Based on observations of F1 and F2 what did Mendel propose?

A

He said that something was being stably passed down, unchanged from parent to offspring thro the gametes, over successive generations. He called these things as factors.

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8
Q

What are factors now called?

A

Genes

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9
Q

What are units of inheritance?

A

Genes

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10
Q

What does gene contain?

A

Information that is required to express a particular trait in an organism.

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11
Q

What are alleles?

A

Genes that code for a pair of contrasting traits are known as alleles ie they are slightly different forms of the same gene. Different versions of the same gene are alleles

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12
Q

Alphabetical symbols for each gene then capital letters are used to express?

A

F1 and small for other trait.

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13
Q

T and t are?

A

Alleles of each other.

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14
Q

Mendel also proposed that in a true breeding, tall or dwarf variety

A

The allelic pair of genes for height are identical or homozygous TT and tt respectively. These are genotypes and descriptive terms like tall and dwarf are phenotypes.

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15
Q

Mendel found the phenotype of the F1 heterozygous Tt to be like?

A

TT parent is appearance, he proposed that in a dissimilar factors, one dominates the other.

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16
Q

T and t are alleles for the same

A

Gene/character

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17
Q

Alleles are similar or dissimilar in what case?

A

Similar in homozygotes TT tt or dissimilar in heterozygote Tt.

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18
Q

Tt is heterozygotes for genes controlling one character( height) then the cross is?

A

Mono hybrid

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19
Q

The cross btw TT and tt is ?

A

Mono hybrid

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20
Q

What can we infer from the observation that the recessive parental trait is expressed without any blending in the F2 generation?

A

When tall and dwarf plants produce gametes, via meiosis, the alleles of the parental pair separate or segregate from each other and only one allele is transmitted to a gamete. This segregation of alleles is a random process and so there is a 50 percent chance of a gamete containing either allele , as has been verified by the results of the crossings.

21
Q

How are heterozygous plants formed?

A

During fertilisation the 2 alleles, T from pollen and t from egg are united to produce zygote that has one allele T and one t. Hybrid has Tt. These hybrids have contrasting traits and hence plants are heterozygous.

22
Q

What can be understood by Punnett square?

A
  1. Production of gametes by the parents
  2. Formation of the zygotes
  3. F1 and F2 plants
23
Q

Punnett square was developed by?

A

British geneticist, Reginald C. Punnett.

24
Q

What is Punnett square?

A

Graphical representation to calculate the probability of all possible genotypes of offspring in a genetic cross.

25
Q

The possible gametes in a punnett is written off 2 sides

A

Usually top row and left columns.

26
Q

All possible combinations of punnett are represented in?

A

Boxes below in the squares, which generates a square output form.

27
Q

What is inheritance?

A

Process by which characters are passed on from parent to progeny, it is the basis of heredity.

28
Q

What is variation?

A

The degree by which progeny differ from their parents

29
Q

What is genetics ?

A

Branch of biology which deals with inheritance as well as variation of characters from parents to offspring.

30
Q

Test cross is between

A

Hybrid and recessive parent

31
Q

Thro what and what from ancestral wild cows, we have well known Indian breed Sahiwal cows in Punjab

A

Artificial selection and domestication

32
Q

Gregor Mendel conducted hybridisation experiments from to and on?

A

1856-63 on garden pea plants and proposed laws of inheritance in living organism

33
Q

Mendels investigation into inheritance patterns it was for first time that

A
  1. Statistical analysis
  2. Mathematical logic
    were applied to problems of biology.
34
Q

What gave greater credibility to the data he collected

A

Large sampling size

35
Q

What confirmed Mendels work?

A

Confirmation of his inferences from experiments on successive generations of his test plants, proved that his results pointed to general rules of inheritance rather than being unsubstantiated ideas

36
Q

Mendel investigated characters in the garden pea plant that were manifested as?

A

2 opposing traits which allowed him to set up a basic frame work of rules governing inheritance, which was expanded on by scientists to account for all the diverse natural observations and the complexity inherent in them.

37
Q

What are the dominant traits of the 7 characters?

A

The table

38
Q

Biological unit controlling heredity?

A

Gene

39
Q

Components of genetics

A

Inheritance and variation

40
Q

The term genetics was proposed by

A

Bateson

41
Q

A gamete normally contains

A

One allele of a gene and for a given character it is pure.

42
Q

Phenotype of an organism is the result of

A

Genotype and environment interactions

43
Q

Word genetics comes from

A

Genesis

44
Q

In Mendels experiment, all characters are?

A

Phenotype /-

45
Q

The genes controlling the seven pea characters studied by Mendel are now known to be located on how many different chromosomes?

A

4 - 1,4,5,7

46
Q

The factors which represent the contrasting pairs characters are called?

A

Alleles

47
Q

Mendel selected pea as material for his experiment bec

A
  1. Short life cycle
  2. Flows self pollinated
  3. Number of seeds produced quiet large.
48
Q

Organisms with 2 identical alleles are

A

Homozygous

Genetics (1 decks)

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