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Principles of Disease > Principles of Immunisation > Flashcards

Principles of Immunisation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of immunisation?

A

Adapted (active)

Innate (passive)

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2
Q

What is the difference between adapted and innate immunity?

A

Adapted is altered by some mechanism whereas innate is naturally within the organism.

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3
Q

Give some examples of adapted immunity.

A

Infection/exposure, immunisation.

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4
Q

Give some examples of innate immunity.

A

Placental transfer of IgB, immune cellular therapy.

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5
Q

What are the advantages of innate immunity?

A

Immediate protection, quick fix,

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6
Q

What are the disadvantages of innate immunity?

A

Short term, no immunological memory, serum sickness

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7
Q

What are natural examples of active immunity?

A

Infection / exposure

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8
Q

What are artificial examples of active immunity?

A

Vaccination

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9
Q

What are the advantages of active immunity?

A

Long term immunity

Immunological memory

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10
Q

What are the disadvantages of active immunity?

A

No immediate response but the response is faster and better in the next antigen encounter.

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11
Q

What initiates the response in active immunity?

A

Antigen exposure.

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12
Q

What is vaccination?

A

Vaccination is the administration of antigenic material (a vaccine) to stimulate an individual’s immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen.

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13
Q

Give some examples of common vaccinations.

A

MMR (measles/mumps/rubella), tetanus, polio etc

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14
Q

What is a vaccine that kills the whole organism?

A

Target organism is destroyed, effective and relatively easy to manufacture, booster shots required.

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15
Q

What is a vaccine of the attenuated whole organism?

A

Avirulent strain of the target organism is attenuated, can be more effective than if killed, stimulates natural infection response, refrigeration of vaccine required.

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16
Q

What are the advantages of sub-unit vaccinations with recombinant proteins?

A

Generally safe, easy to standardise.

17
Q

What are the disadvantages of sub-unit vaccinations with recombinant proteins?

A

Not very immunogenic without an effective adjuvant.

18
Q

What is a toxin vaccination?

A

A toxin vaccination is when a toxin is treated with formalin- it retains its antigenicity but loses its toxicity.

19
Q

What are toxins treated with to produce toxin vaccinations?

A

Formalin.

20
Q

What are temporary patient limits on vaccination?

A

Pregnancy- cannot be given live-attenuated vaccines.

Febrile illness.

21
Q

What are permanent patient limits on vaccination?

A

Allergy, immunocompromised (may develop real disease).

22
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

Herd immunity describes the fact that unvaccinated people are often more protected against certain diseases due to mass vaccination of the general public- they are ‘herded’ to increase their superficial immunity.

23
Q

What makes a good vaccine?

A

Immunological memory
Potent antibody response
CD8+ cytotoxic cell response
CD4+ helper cell response

24
Q

What is antigenic drift?

A

Drift arising from point mutations.

25
Q

Why should vaccination be persistent?

A

Should give life-long protection.

26
Q

What is the cold chain network?

A

The network limiting vaccination through keeping them cold through transit from production to administration.

27
Q

Why are neonates more vulnerable during vaccination?

A

Encapsulated bacteria, weaker immune system, short term antibody production.

28
Q

Why are the elderly more vulnerable during vaccination?

A

Reduced efficacy/response to vaccination, oglioclonal responses lack specificity, reduced survival niches of plasma cell (weakened immune systems).

29
Q

What is a conjugate vaccine?

A

The antigen is the carbohydrate capsule. Carbohydrates are poor antigens as they don’t stimulate the immune system as much as protein antigens- usually conjugated to a protein.

30
Q

Why are carbohydrate capsule antigens usually conjugated to a protein?

A

Increased stimulation of immune system as carbohydrates are poor single antigens.

31
Q

Can vaccines control cancer?

A

70% HPV strains vaccinated against, with 100% of them linking to cervical cancer. More developments needed.

32
Q

What are vaccinomics?

A

Personalised vaccines- centred around individual patient profile in terms of genetics etc.

33
Q

What are humans the only natural host of?

A

PV- important in vaccination as there is no other vaccine reservoir.

Principles of Disease (22 decks)

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