Principles Of Ecology Quiz #1

Question 1

Restoration

Answer 1

Process of returning ecosystems and habitats to original structure and species composition

Question 2

Restoration Ecology

Answer 2

Field of study that provides the scientific background and underpinnings for practical ecological restoration. The science upon which ecological restoration is based.

Question 3

Ecological Restoration

Answer 3

The practice of restoring ecosystems as performed by practitioners at specific project sites. Intends to alter degraded biota and physical conditions at a site.

Question 4

Reclamation

Answer 4

Typical referring to mines, main objective includes stabilization of terrain, assurance of public safety, and aesthetic improvement. Usually returning the land to a useful purpose. Often leads to ‘dead’ ends’ dy directing ecosystem to wrong trajectory and causing it to fail. They should included Bee Assisted Remediation and Rough and Loose techniques.

Question 5

What method usually results in ‘dead ends’ and how to avoid it

Answer 5

Reclamation, rough and loose

Question 6

What is Revegetation

Answer 6

A subcompoent of reclamation, which is the establishment of one or few species. Can lead to ecological dead ends.

Question 7

Rehabilitation

Answer 7

Uses historical or pre-existing ecosystems as models or references (same as restoration) but rehabilitation emphasis the reparation of ecosystem processes, productivity, and services

Question 8

Difference between rehabilitation and restoration

Answer 8

Restoration focuses on restoring historic species composition and structure where as rehabilitation focuses on restoring historic ecological processes, productivity, and services.

Question 9

Mitigation

Answer 9

To make less severe or serious, used to compensate for environmental damage. It is usually required as a condition for issuing permit for development that would cause damage to environment.

Question 10

Remediation

Answer 10

Moderates the effects of a degrading situation. To Remedy environmental damage. Usually associated with removal or pollution or contaminants from soil, groundwater, sediment, or surface water. For general protection of human health and environment or from a brownfield site intended for redevelopemnt.

Question 11

Rewilding

Answer 11

Large-scale conservation aimed at restoring and protecting core wilderness areas. Provides connectivity between areas. Protects or reintroduces extirpated apex predators and keystone species.

Question 12

Ecological Engineering

Answer 12

Manipulating natural materials, living organisms, and physical-chemical environment to achieve specific human goals and solve ecological problems. Requires predictability, which is a primary consideration in ecological engineering. When predictability is not an issues might qualify as ecological restoration. e.g. willow dams

Question 13

Enhancement

Answer 13

Increasing quality and is subjective and depends on context or point of view. This is an anthropogenic attitude. Few projects really exist.

Question 14

How long have humans lived on the planet?

Answer 14

200,000 years

Question 15

Distinguishing Characteristics of Humans

Answer 15

Burying dead, making clothes, hunting techniques, cave painting

Question 16

What is the Eutrophication Processes

Answer 16

Addition of phosphorus and nitrogen from 1. nutrient runoff 2. warm surface layer 3. algal bloom 4. algae sink & decay and 5. oxygen depleted layter

Question 17

Main Global Problems with soil (20th century)

Answer 17

1. Soil contamination (chemical and metallurgical industries)
2. Salinization (salt in soil decreases osmotic potential of soil so harder for plants to take water from it)
3. Erosion
4. Land use changes (agriculture, humans using land)

Question 18

Decay of Ozone Hole

Answer 18

The ozone hole is typically largest during the cold months, as this is when the layer is thinnest. In Antarctica, the hole is largest between the months of September and November, which is the South Pole’s Spring Time. Average ozoen in atmosphere is 300 Dobson Units. 20th century effects of air is ozone depletion.

Question 19

What 4 human activities cause the most ecosystem stress?

Answer 19

1. Transformation of Landscape
2. Overexploitation of Species
3. Pollution
4. Exotic Species Introduction

Question 20

What great extinction are we in now

Answer 20

the 6th great extinction

Question 21

What is occuring in the “dead zone”

Answer 21

Eutrophication

Question 22

Name two reasons for the 6th great extinction period

Answer 22

• transformation of the landscape

- pollution

Question 23

Unit of measurement for thickness of ozone

Answer 23

Dobson Units

Question 24

What four factors reduced human mortality and have been identified as the principal drivers of increased global population growth since the mid 1800s?

Answer 24

• immunization
• disinfection of drinking water
• pasteurization of food
• increased sanitization