Principles of Disease & Epidemiology (Microbiology)

Question 1

Pathology

Answer 1

the study of disease

Question 2

Etiology

Answer 2

the study of the cause of a disease

Question 3

Pathogenesis

Answer 3

the development of disease

Question 4

Infection

Answer 4

colonization of the body by pathogens

Question 5

Disease

Answer 5

an abnormal state in which the body is not functioning well

Question 6

Transient microbiota

Answer 6

may be present for days, weeks or months & then disappear

Question 7

Normal microbiota

Answer 7

permanently colonize the host

Question 8

Symbiosis

Answer 8

the relationship between normal microbiota and the host; one organism depends on the other

Question 9

Commensalism

Answer 9

one organism benefits and the other is unaffected

Question 10

Mutualism

Answer 10

both organisms benefit

Question 11

Parasitism

Answer 11

one organism benefits at the expense of the other

Question 12

Opportunistic pathogens

Answer 12

do not cause disease in their normal habitat in a healthy person but may do so in a different environment

Question 13

Normally sterile areas of the body

Answer 13

Inner ear

Lower respiratory tract

Question 14

Microbial antagonism

Answer 14

competition between microbes

Question 15

Normal microbiota protects the host by…

Answer 15

Occupying niches that pathogens might occupy
Producing acids
Producing bacteriocins

Question 16

Bacteriocins

Answer 16

proteins that inhibit the growth of other bacteria of the same or closely related species

Question 17

Probiotics

Answer 17

live microbes applied to or ingested into the body, intended to exert a beneficial effect

Question 18

Symptom

Answer 18

a change in body function that is felt by a patient as a result of disease (subjective/not observed)

Question 19

Sign

Answer 19

a change in a body that can be measured or observed as a result of disease (objective)

Question 20

Syndrome

Answer 20

A specific group of signs and symptoms that accompany a disease

Question 21

Communicable disease

Answer 21

a disease that is spread from one host to another (directly or indirectly)

Question 22

Contagious disease

Answer 22

a disease that is easily spread from one host to another

Question 23

Noncommunicable disease

Answer 23

a disease that is not transmitted from one host to another

Question 24

Epidemiology

Answer 24

the study of when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted in populations

Question 25

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

Answer 25

Collects and analyzes epidemiological information in the US

Publishes Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)

Question 26

Morbidity

Answer 26

incidence of a specific notifiable disease

Question 27

Mortality

Answer 27

deaths from notifiable diseases

Question 28

Morbidity rate

Answer 28

number of people affected in relation to the total population in a given time period

Question 29

Mortality rate

Answer 29

number of deaths from a disease in relation to the population in a given time

Question 30

What is case reporting?

Answer 30

It’s when health care workers report specified disease to local, state, and national offices.

Question 31

Incidence

Answer 31

fraction of a population that contracts a disease during a specified time

Question 32

Prevalence

Answer 32

Fraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time

Question 33

Sporadic disease

Answer 33

disease that occurs occasionally in a population

Question 34

Endemic disease

Answer 34

disease constantly present in a population

Question 35

Epidemic disease

Answer 35

disease acquired by many hosts in a given area in a short time

Question 36

Pandemic disease

Answer 36

worldwide epidemic

Question 37

Herd immunity

Answer 37

immunity in most of a population