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Clinical Chemistry > Principles of Chemistry Instrumentation > Flashcards

Principles of Chemistry Instrumentation Flashcards

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1
Q

Benefits of Instrumentation

A
  • shortened analysis time
  • shortened turnaround time
  • higher productivity
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2
Q

shortened turnaround time(TAT)

A

the time elapsed between ordering a lab test and the physician receiving the result

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3
Q

When Choosing an instrument it is important to consider…

A
  • quality of test results
  • test volume
  • cost per test
  • ease of operation
  • maintenance costs
  • preventative measurements
  • comparison of methods
  • integration into LIS
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4
Q

Types of hazards in the lab

A

biological hazards, physical hazards, chemical hazards

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5
Q

Quality assessment programs used on instruments

A
  • document personnel training
  • maintenance and repair logs
  • calibrators and controls
  • use manufacturer’s protocol
  • instrument checks
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6
Q

Instrumentation Principles

A
  • Photometry/spectrophotometry
  • reflectance photometry
  • nephelometry/turbidity
  • ion-selective electrodes
  • electrochemical technology
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7
Q

photometer

A

an instrument that measures the light reflected from a colored reaction product. Use filter. measures the intensity of light.

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8
Q

spectrophotometer

A

an instrument that measures intensities of light at selected wavelengths. use prism

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9
Q

monochromator

A

a device that isolates a narrow portion of the light

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10
Q

Light Transmitted (%T)

A

the percentage of light that passes through a solution reflectance

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11
Q

Light absorbed (%A)

A

a logarithmic expression of the amount of light absorbed by a substance containing colored molecule; optical density (O.D.)

note* the more concentrated the solution, more is absorbed and less is transmitted

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12
Q

Beer’s law

A

a mathematical relationship that demonstrates the linear relationship of concentration to absorbance and that forms the basis for spectrophotometric analysis

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13
Q

main difference between photometers and spectrophotometers?

A

photometers use filters and spectrophotometers uses prism.

note- spectrophotometer is more accurate than the use of filters

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14
Q

Reflectance photometry

A

measure reflected light; light reflected by colored product.

note* used for hemoglobin

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15
Q

solid-phase chemistry

A

an analytical method in which the sample is added to a strip or slide containing all reagents for the procedure in dried form

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16
Q

nephelometry/turbidity

A
  • light scatter

- particles in suspension

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17
Q

ion-selective electrodes

A

an electrode manufactured to detect a specify ion and measure its concentration

  • analyzers use two electrodes
  • measure electrical potential across membrane
  • two electrodes used one known and one unknown

note*- sodium chloride, potassium, bicarbonate

18
Q

amperometry

A

the technology that uses electrodes and electrode potential to measure electron generation

  • measure generation of electrons
  • electrochemical technology
  • Accu-chek can be used for sugar, HBAIC, HDL, total cholesterol
19
Q

Point-of-care testing

A
  • bring test to patient
  • small, portable analyzers
  • home glucose meters first POC tests
  • over-the-counter pregnancy tests
  • used everywhere
20
Q

Where do we use POCT?

A

in the hospital, bedside in patient room, emergency department, critical care units, surgery

nonhospital sites, screening programs, health fairs, nursing homes, POLs

21
Q

Components of POCT program

A
  • compliance with regulations
  • safety program
  • quality assessment
  • personnel training and assessment
  • technical support
  • data management
22
Q

Advantages of POCT

A
  • rapid results
  • patient participation
  • less trauma
  • reduced errors
  • multiskilled personnel
  • improved communication
23
Q

disadvantages of POCT

A
  • increased costs
  • risk of:
  • personnel training deficiencies
  • inadequate quality assessment procedures
  • inadequate supervision
24
Q

Glucose

A

major carbohydrate in blood, also the major source of energy for the body’s cells

-blood glucose is the most frequently performed clinical test

25
Q

diabetes mellitus

A

a disease in which the blood glucose is elevated because of lack of insulin regulation

26
Q

hyperglycemia

A

elevated blood glucose

27
Q

4 major organs that are affected by diabetes?

A

retinal (eyes), heart, kidneys and the nerve system

28
Q

our body regulates glucose by?

A

hormonal control. insulin helps reduce the sugar consumed

29
Q

insulin

A

the pancreatic hormone essential for proper metabolism of blood glucose and maintenance of blood glucose levels

-insulin allows uptake of glucose by cells

30
Q

glycogen

A

the storage form of glucose found in high concentration the the liver

31
Q

Diabetes type I

A

can not secrete or produce insulin, therefore sugar can not be used by cells, and increases in the blood streams

treatment-inject artificial insulin

32
Q

glycogenesis

A

conversion of glucose to glycogen

33
Q

glycogenolysis

A

the conversion of glycogen to glucose

34
Q

glycolysis

A

energy production as a result of the metabolic breakdown of glucose; the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid or lactic acid accompanied by the release of energy in the form of ATP

35
Q

glucagon and insulin

A

glucagon increases blood sugar, inulin decreases blood sugar to help maintain homeostasis

36
Q

Which physician treats diabetes patients?

A

endocrinologists

37
Q

diagnostic tests for diabetes

A
  • fasting plasma glucose(8 hr fast)
  • oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (3 hr fast
  • 2 hour plasma (postprandial)
  • random plasma glucose greater than 200 mg/dL
  • Hemoglobin A1C

note* all tests collected using gray tube except for hemoglobin A1C which is collected using the lavender tube

38
Q

3 hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)

A

-patient fasts, then blood and urine collected, patient consumes 50-75 g of sugar, then blood and urine collected after 30 min, 1 hour, 2 hours and 3 hours.

39
Q

Hemoglobin A1C

A

hemoglobin modified by the binding of glucose to the beta globin chains of hemoglobin

aka glycated or glycosylated hemoglobin

40
Q

What are the best diagnostic test for diabetes?

A

fasting plasma glucose and hemoglobin A1C

Clinical Chemistry (2 decks)

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