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Chemistry > Principles of chemistry - IGCSE > Flashcards

Principles of chemistry - IGCSE Flashcards

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1
Q

Compound

A

A substance made of two or more types of atoms chemically combined together

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2
Q

Element

A

A substance made up of only one type of atom

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3
Q

Mixture

A

Elements that react to form positive metal ions and negatively charged delocalised electrons

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4
Q

Pure substance

A

A substance which contains only one compound or element.
Pure substances have fixed melting and boiling points

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5
Q

Molecular formula

A

The actual ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound

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6
Q

Empirical formula

A

The simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound

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7
Q

Period

A

A row of the periodic table
Elements in the same period have the same number of electron shells

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8
Q

Group

A

A column on the periodic table
Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties and the same number of valence electrons

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9
Q

Metals

A

Elements that react to form positive ions
Found to the left and towards the bottom of the periodic table

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10
Q

Non-metals

A

Elements that react to form negative ions
Found towards the right and top of the periodic table

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11
Q

Noble gases

A

The elements in group 0 of the periodic table
They have a stable full outer shell of electrons which make them very unreactive

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12
Q

Anion

A

Negatively charged ion

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13
Q

Cation

A

Positively charged ion

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14
Q

Electrolysis

A

The splitting up of an ionic compound using electricity.
The electric current is passed through a substance causing chemical reactions at the electrodes which lead to the decomposition of the materials

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15
Q

Electrode

A

A solid conductive material through which electricity can flow.
Positive and negative electrodes are used in electrolysis to conduct electricity

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16
Q

Anode

A

The positive electrode.
Where negatively charged ions lose electrons in oxidation reactions.
Where oxygen is produced unless the solution contains halide ions - then the halogen is produced

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17
Q

Cathode

A

The negative electrode.
Where positively charged ions gain electrons in reduction reactions.
Where hydrogen is produced if the metal in the electrolyte is more reactive than hydrogen

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18
Q

Oxidation

A

Reaction involving the gain of oxygen or loss of electroins

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19
Q

Reduction

A

A reaction involving the loss of oxygen or the gain of electrons

20
Q

Isotope

A

Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

21
Q

Chromatography

A

A process used to separate substances in a mixture.
Involves a mobile and a stationary phase.

22
Q

Paper chromatography

A

A type of chromatography which uses paper as the stationary phase and a solvent as the mobile phase
The solvent carries the mixture up the paper where the substances in the mixture then separate, depending on how soluble they are in the mobile phase

23
Q

Mobile phase

A

The fluid which moves through the chromatography system, carrying the mixture which is to be separated

24
Q

Stationary phase

A

The nonmoving phase which the mobile phase passes over during chromatography

25
Q

Rf value

A

A value used in chromatography which is calculated as the distance travelled by the dissolved substance divided by the distance travelled by the solvent
It can be used to identify substances within a mixture

26
Q

Crystallisation

A

A separation technique to obtain soluble solids form solutions
The process involves heating the solution until crystals start to form, leaving the solution to cool and then filtering the formed crystals from the solution

27
Q

Filtration

A

A separation technique used to separate an insoluble solid from a solution

28
Q

Simple distillation

A

A separation technique used to separate a liquid from a solution
The solution is heated so that only the liquid with the lowest boiling point evaporates
The gas is then condensed in a condenser before being collected as a liquid

29
Q

Fractional distillation

A

A process used to separate a mixture of liquids.
The liquids have different boiling points so they can be separated into different fractions within a fractionating column

30
Q

Covalent bond

A

A shared pair of electrons between two non-metals

31
Q

Giant covalent structure

A

A molecular structure containing many atoms covalently bonded together
The strong covalent bonds mean that giant covalent strctures have high melting points

32
Q

Ion

A

An atom or molecule with an electric charge due to the loss or gain of electrons

33
Q

Ionic bond

A

The bond formed between the oppositely charged ions when a metal atom loses electron(s) to form a positively charged ion and a non-metal gains these electron(s) to form a negatively charged ion.

34
Q

Ionic compound

A

Chemical compound formed of oppositely charged ions, held together by strong electrostatic forves

35
Q

Metallic bond

A

The bonds present in metals between the positive metal ions and negatively charged delocalised electrons

36
Q

Gas

A

The state of matter where the particles have the most energy
The particles in a gas are relatively spread out and move randomly in all directions

37
Q

Liquid

A

The state of matter where the particles are arranged randomly and close together
The particles are able to move past eachother

38
Q

Solid

A

the state of matter where the particles hold a regular arrangement and have the least amount of energy

39
Q

Solute

A

A substance which is dissolved in a solvent to create a solution

40
Q

Solvent

A

A substance which dissolves a solute

41
Q

Solution

A

A homogenous mixture in which a solute is dissolved in a solvent

42
Q

Saturated solution

A

A solution which contains the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in the solvent.
If any more solute is added, it won’t dissolve in the solution

43
Q

Solubility

A

The maximum mass of a solute which can be dissolved in 100g of solvent

44
Q

Mole

A

Standard unit for measuring amounts of chemicals
The mole is the unit for amount of substance

45
Q

Molar volume

A

The volume occupied by one mole of gaseous molecules

46
Q

Molar volume at RTP

A

the volume occupied by one mole of molecules of any gas at room temp and pressure
Molar volume at RTP is 24dm^3

Chemistry (4 decks)

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