Principles of Articulation Flashcards
Vowels
- produced with a relatively open vocal tract
- vocal folds vibrate to produce sound energy
- shape of vocal tract determines resonance pattern for a vowel
Consonants - structure types
stop, tap, trill, fricative, approximant, resonant
Place
labial, labial dental, interdental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal
manner
stops, fricatives, affricates, nasals, liquids, glides
Stop consonants
- formed by completely occluding vocal tract at some point between vocal tract and lips
- may be followed by a burst of air called stop release
- stop-plosives or plosives
stop - bilabial
/b/, /p/
stop - alveolar
/d/, /t/
velar
/g/, /k/
nasal consonants
- occlusion of vocal tract in same way as stops, but VP port is open
- sound transmitted through nasal cavities
nasal - bilabial
/m/
nasal - alveolar
/n/
nasal - velar
/ŋ/ - eng
fricatives
- air forced through narrow constriction
- vocal tract narrowed at some point
- produces sustained “friction”
- noisy, hissing quality
- paired with stops as obstruents
obstruents
stops, fricative, and affricates
- subcategory that has obstruction
fricative - labiodental
/f/, /v/
fricative - dental
/θ/ - theta, /ð/ - eth
fricative - alveolar
/s/, /z/
fricative - palatal
/ʃ/ - esh /ʒ/- ezh
affricates
- two-phase: stop followed by brief fricative
- production is represented by a combination of two symbols
- sometimes called “affricatives”
affricates - palatal
/tʃ/ - ch, /dʒ/ - dja
glides and liquids
- also called approximants
- articulators not close enough to produce a stop or fricative
- grouped with nasals as sonorants
- produced “resonant” quality
glides
- gradual movement of articulators
- sometimes called “semi-vowels” because of similarity to vowels
glide - palatal approximant
/j/
glide - labial-velar approximant
/w/
liquids
- faster articulatory movement than glides
- sometimes produced with a “retroflex” place of artic, tongue tip curled behind alveolar ridge
- also called retroflex approximate
- center or oral tract is obstructed
- air flows out of sides of tongue
liquids - alveolar
/l/ - alveolar lateral/lateral liquid
/r/ - lower case r
