Principles of Articulation

Question 1

Vowels

Answer 1

• produced with a relatively open vocal tract
• vocal folds vibrate to produce sound energy
• shape of vocal tract determines resonance pattern for a vowel

Question 2

Consonants - structure types

Answer 2

stop, tap, trill, fricative, approximant, resonant

Question 3

Place

Answer 3

labial, labial dental, interdental, alveolar, palatal, velar, glottal

Question 4

manner

Answer 4

stops, fricatives, affricates, nasals, liquids, glides

Question 5

Stop consonants

Answer 5

• formed by completely occluding vocal tract at some point between vocal tract and lips
• may be followed by a burst of air called stop release
• stop-plosives or plosives

Question 6

stop - bilabial

Answer 6

/b/, /p/

Question 7

stop - alveolar

Answer 7

/d/, /t/

Question 8

velar

Answer 8

/g/, /k/

Question 9

nasal consonants

Answer 9

• occlusion of vocal tract in same way as stops, but VP port is open
• sound transmitted through nasal cavities

Question 10

nasal - bilabial

Answer 10

/m/

Question 11

nasal - alveolar

Answer 11

/n/

Question 12

nasal - velar

Answer 12

/ŋ/ - eng

Question 13

fricatives

Answer 13

• air forced through narrow constriction
• vocal tract narrowed at some point
• produces sustained “friction”
• noisy, hissing quality
• paired with stops as obstruents

Question 14

obstruents

Answer 14

stops, fricative, and affricates
- subcategory that has obstruction

Question 15

fricative - labiodental

Answer 15

/f/, /v/

Question 16

fricative - dental

Answer 16

/θ/ - theta, /ð/ - eth

Question 17

fricative - alveolar

Answer 17

/s/, /z/

Question 18

fricative - palatal

Answer 18

/ʃ/ - esh /ʒ/- ezh

Question 19

affricates

Answer 19

• two-phase: stop followed by brief fricative
• production is represented by a combination of two symbols
• sometimes called “affricatives”

Question 20

affricates - palatal

Answer 20

/tʃ/ - ch, /dʒ/ - dja

Question 21

glides and liquids

Answer 21

• also called approximants
• articulators not close enough to produce a stop or fricative
• grouped with nasals as sonorants
• produced “resonant” quality

Question 22

glides

Answer 22

• gradual movement of articulators
• sometimes called “semi-vowels” because of similarity to vowels

Question 23

glide - palatal approximant

Answer 23

/j/

Question 24

glide - labial-velar approximant

Answer 24

/w/

Question 25

liquids

Answer 25

• faster articulatory movement than glides
• sometimes produced with a “retroflex” place of artic, tongue tip curled behind alveolar ridge
• also called retroflex approximate
• center or oral tract is obstructed
• air flows out of sides of tongue

Question 26

liquids - alveolar

Answer 26

/l/ - alveolar lateral/lateral liquid
/r/ - lower case r