PRINCIPLES OF ARGUMENTATION

Question 1

OPEN MINDED

Answer 1

IT WELCOMES OPPORTUNITY TO THINK OF THINGS IN A DIFFERENT WAY.
BEING ABLE TO LOOK AT THINGS FROM FROM OTHER PERSPECTIVES.
IT ALLOWS US TO SEE THE THE WEAKNESS AND STRENGHT FROM OUR REASONING FROM THE OTHER PERSON’S OWN.

Question 2

CLOSE MINDED

Answer 2

THE PERSON RESISTS CHANGE OF VIEW.
THE PERSON OVERSTATES THEIR REASONING.
THEY FAIL TO NOTICE ANY MERIT IN THE REASONING OF THE OPPONENT.

Question 3

POINT OF LOGICAL VULNERABILITY

Answer 3

THE STRUGGLE OF BEING RATIONAL IN CERTAIN TOPICS.
Can vary from person to person.
This means people are biased

Question 4

WHAT ARE THE FEATURES OF ‘DEFENSIVE FRAME OF MIND’

Answer 4

Evasive and unwilling to talk about an issue

Concentrates on defending a view than evaluating a new view

Question 5

SIGNS OF DEFENSIVENESS IN AN ARGUEMENT

Answer 5

VERBAL (Raised voice, Upset, Impatient, Poor listening, Continual interruptions, Ridicule, Mockery, Disgust in tone of voice.)
NON-VERBAL (Crossed Arms, Rolling eye, Ignoring comments, Closing of ears, Turning away, Shake of the head.)

Question 6

WHAT ARE THE RESULTS OF DEFENSIVENESS

Answer 6

1. Impression of insecurity
2. Lead the opponent to be close minded
3. Missing insights you might have gained
4. Encourages passivity and disengagement in the opponent
5. Self delusion

Question 7

THE 3 POSITIONS OF ASSERTIVE BEHAVIOR

Answer 7

Aggressive, Passive and Assertive

Question 8

IDEAL ARGUMENT PARTNER IS ‘R’

Answer 8

REASONABLE: Understands evidence is important.

Ensures that something makes sense.

Question 9

IDEAL ARGUMENT PARTNER IS NOT ‘D’

Answer 9

NOT DOGMATIC: A non dogmatic person is willing to change his mind to new ideas, and not see being wrong as tragic. Does not present independent ideas.

Question 10

IDEAL PARTNER IS ‘G’

Answer 10

GOOD LISTENER: They understand the opponent POV rather than pushing theirs. They are interest in the topic, and offer helpful arguments.

Question 11

IDEAL PARTNER IS ‘E’

Answer 11

EMPATHETIC: They understand you hold a position for a reason. They know arguing involves intuition and emotion. See things from other’s POV.

Question 12

WHAT ARE THE TWO STANDARDS FO BEHAVIOR IN AN ARGUMENT

Answer 12

1. Effective Procedural Standard(how we actually proceed and practice the argument)
2. An Important Ethical standard(what ethical practice do they embody)

Question 13

TRUTH SEEKING PRINCIPLE

Answer 13

THE IDEA PPT’S SHOULD SEARCH FOR THE TRUTH RATHER THAN ARGUE FOR THE SAKE OF FACTS

Question 14

RESPECT PRINCIPLE

Answer 14

THIS IS CHALLENGING OPINIONS WHILE SHOWING RESPECT FOR THE OPPONENT.
VIOLATION- arguing for giggles

Question 15

ARGUMENT PRINCIPLE

Answer 15

WHEN ARUING FOR POSITION, ONE MUST PROVIDE THE BEST REASON;
i. Relevance ii. Acceptability. iii. Sufficiency
VIOLATION- people who use false principle, do not provide evidence and shift burden of proof.

Question 16

FALLIBILITY PRINCIPLE

Answer 16

ALLOWS PEOPLE TO ACCEPT THEIR POSITION IS WRONG.
VIOLATION- IF YOURE BEING DEFENSIVE, CLOSE MINDED AND BELIGIRENT.
Believing certain claims are beyond proof and evidence is irrelevant.

Question 17

LISTENING PRINCIPLE

Answer 17

THE DUTY TO LISTEN FAIRLY TO THE ARGUMENT OF THE OPPONENT AND FAIRLY

Question 18

PRINCIPLE OF CHARITY

Answer 18

GIVING THE OPPONENT THE OPPORTUNITY TO PRESENT THEIR BEST POSSIBLE ARGUMENT
* VIOLATION- Willfully misrepresenting positions or attributing to them claims that have not been made

Question 19

RECONSIDERATION PRINCIPLE

Answer 19

IF A GOOD ARGUMENT IS FLAWED, IT IS GIVEN AN OPPORTUNITY TO RE-OPEN THE ISSUE FOR FUTHER RESOLUTIONS.

Question 20

BURDEN OF PROOF PRINCIPLE

Answer 20

IF YOU MAKE AN ARGUMENT YOU HAVE TO DEFEND IT.
VIOLATION- APPEAL TO IGNORANCE
Refusing to provide evidence or insisting that one’s argument partner disprove them rather than offering proof.

Question 21

SUSPENSION OF JUDGEMENT PRINCIPLE

Answer 21

THE ARGUERS AGREE TO SUSPEND JUDGEMENT ON THE ISSUE IF NO POSITION IS DEFENDED WELL/ POSITIONS HAVE STRONG ARGUMENTS

Question 22

CHALLENGE AND RESPONSE PRINCIPLE

Answer 22

THE RIGHT TO CHALLENGE ARGUMENT OF PARTNER AND FOR THEM TO RESPOND AND PROVIDE A RELEVANT RESPONSE
VIOLATION- Dismissing and/or refusing to challenge positions.

Question 23

RESOLUTION PRINCIPLE

Answer 23

AN ISSUE IS RESOLVED WHEN PARTNERS AGREE THAT; 1) argument of one position is superior to that of the opponent.
2) major challenge of the issue has been addressed

Question 24

BARRIERS TO CRITICAL THINKING (5)

Answer 24

a. Skewed reasoning
b. Prejudice
c. Overlooking of facts
d. Irrational Beliefs
e. Pseudo-scientific Beliefs

Question 25

BEHAVIORS THAT CORRESPONDS TO BARRIERS

Answer 25

1.Loyaly. 2. Provincialism(narrowness of mind). 3. Herd instinct(blind obedience to authority). 4. Scape goats. 5. Suppression. 6. Partisan Mindset. 7. Wishful thinking. 8. Procrastination. 9. Denial. 10. Self deception. 11. Stereotypes