Principles of Antimicrobial Action and Resistance Flashcards

1
Q

aspect of pharmacology that deals with the
action of the drug on where it will go and how it will be removed from the body

A

Pharmacokinetics

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2
Q

Compounds that are naturally produced by living microorganisms, such
as bacteria and fungi; this can be natural, semisynthetic, or synthetic
molecule used to treat or prevent disease

A

Antibiotics

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3
Q

Natural or synthesized substances that actively inhibit or kill
microorganism

A

Antimicrobial Agents

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4
Q

these are substances that is chemically synthesized

A

Synthetic

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5
Q

these are obtained and purified from other microorganism

A

Natural

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6
Q

antibiotics that is not present in serum or blood and CSF because it is often applied when there is an infection in the urinary tract

A

Nitrofurantoin

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7
Q

Antimicrobial agents that inhibit bacterial growth, but generally do not kill
the organism

A

Bacteriostatic Agents

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8
Q

Bactericidal Agents

A

Antimicrobial agents that kill target organisms

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9
Q

Classes A and D are considered

A

serine peptidases

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10
Q

Class C comprises

A

cephalosporinases

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11
Q

Class B, which require zinc as cofactor, are called

A

metallo-beta-lactamases

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12
Q

other major class of antibiotics that inhibit bacterial cell wall
synthesis by binding to the end of peptidoglycan (PG), interfering with
transpeptidation

A

Glycopeptides

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13
Q

glycopeptides that contain hydrophobic chemical
groups

A

Lipoglycopeptides

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14
Q

Inhibit transglycosylation process necessary for cell wall synthesis.

A

Lipoglycopeptides

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15
Q

cross-links the peptidoglycan with Nacetylmuramic acid to form cell wall

A

Transpeptidation process

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16
Q

process of joining peptidoglycan monomer
to form a chain

A

transglycosylation

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17
Q

The cross-linking of this is called transpeptidation process, and the enzyme responsible for it is called____ enzyme

A

transpeptidase

18
Q

The binding of NAG and NAM is called transglycosylation, and the enzyme responsible for it is the ______enzyme

A

transglycosidase

19
Q

Aminoglycoside

A

targets the 30S ribosomal subunit

20
Q

binding to the 23S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) on the bacterial 50S
ribosomal subunit and subsequent disruption of the growing peptide chain by blocking of translocation.

A

Macrolides

21
Q

bind to the 50S ribosomal subunit and prevent elongation
by interfering with the peptidyl transfer during protein synthesis.

A

Lincosamides

22
Q

bind irreversibly to the 50S subunit of the bacterial
ribosome, which induces a conformational change in the ribosome.

A

Streptogramins

23
Q

interacting with the 23S rRNA in the 50S ribosomal
subunit, inhibiting 70S initiation complex formation and blocking
translation of any mRNA, thereby preventing protein synthesis.

A

Oxazolidinones

24
Q
  • inhibits the addition of amino acids to the growing
    peptide chain by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, inhibiting
    transpeptidation
A

Chloramphenicol

25
Q

binding reversibly to the 30S ribosomal subunit, interfering
with the binding of the tRNA–amino acid complexes to the ribosome,
preventing peptide chain elongation

A

Tetracycline

26
Q

The side effect of using tetracycline

A

Toxicity of upper GI tract

27
Q

The side effect of using chloramphenicol

A

Bone marrow toxicity

28
Q

Antimicrobial resistance resulting from the normal genetic, structural,
or physiologic state of a microorganism.

A

Intrinsic Resistance

29
Q

Antibiotic resistance resulting from altered cellular physiology and structure caused by changes in a microorganism’s genetic makeup

A

Acquired Resistance

30
Q

changes that result in observably reduced
susceptibility of an organism to a particular antimicrobial agent.

A

Biologic Resistance

31
Q

antimicrobial susceptibility has been lost to such an
extent that the drug is no longer effective for clinical use

A

Clinical Resistance

32
Q

Enzymatic destruction - Beta-lactamase enzymes destroy betalactam ring,
thus antibiotic cannot bind to penicillin-binding protein (PBP) and interfere
with cell wall synthesis

A

Beta-Lactams

33
Q

Anatomic Distribution of Antibiotics
True or False
Ampicillin, Ceftriaxone, Meropenem are all positive in Blood, CSF, and Urine

A

True

34
Q

Anatomic Distribution of Antibiotics
True or False
Clindamycin is only positive in blood

A

True

35
Q

Anatomic Distribution of Antibiotics
True or False
Norfloxacin and Nitrofurantoin are only positive in Urine

A

True

36
Q

Anatomic Distribution of Antibiotics
True or False
Gentamicin is only negative in CSF

A

True

37
Q

Anatomic Distribution of Antibiotics
True or False
Vancomycin and Ciprofloxacin have the same set of results, they are variable in urine

A

False; they are variable in CSF and positive in other anatomic distribution

38
Q

the only Bactericidal that is not FDA approved

A

Teicoplanin

39
Q

Process of creating cross-links, which is specifically the covalent
bond between the peptidoglycan molecules in the bacterial cell wall

A

Transpeptidation Process

40
Q

Peptidoglycan contains

A

N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid