Principles of Antimicrobial Action and Resistance

Question 1

aspect of pharmacology that deals with the
action of the drug on where it will go and how it will be removed from the body

Answer 1

Pharmacokinetics

Question 2

Compounds that are naturally produced by living microorganisms, such
as bacteria and fungi; this can be natural, semisynthetic, or synthetic
molecule used to treat or prevent disease

Answer 2

Antibiotics

Question 3

Natural or synthesized substances that actively inhibit or kill
microorganism

Answer 3

Antimicrobial Agents

Question 4

these are substances that is chemically synthesized

Answer 4

Synthetic

Question 5

these are obtained and purified from other microorganism

Answer 5

Natural

Question 6

antibiotics that is not present in serum or blood and CSF because it is often applied when there is an infection in the urinary tract

Answer 6

Nitrofurantoin

Question 7

Antimicrobial agents that inhibit bacterial growth, but generally do not kill
the organism

Answer 7

Bacteriostatic Agents

Question 8

Bactericidal Agents

Answer 8

Antimicrobial agents that kill target organisms

Question 9

Classes A and D are considered

Answer 9

serine peptidases

Question 10

Class C comprises

Answer 10

cephalosporinases

Question 11

Class B, which require zinc as cofactor, are called

Answer 11

metallo-beta-lactamases

Question 12

other major class of antibiotics that inhibit bacterial cell wall
synthesis by binding to the end of peptidoglycan (PG), interfering with
transpeptidation

Answer 12

Glycopeptides

Question 13

glycopeptides that contain hydrophobic chemical
groups

Answer 13

Lipoglycopeptides

Question 14

Inhibit transglycosylation process necessary for cell wall synthesis.

Answer 14

Lipoglycopeptides

Question 15

cross-links the peptidoglycan with Nacetylmuramic acid to form cell wall

Answer 15

Transpeptidation process

Question 16

process of joining peptidoglycan monomer
to form a chain

Answer 16

transglycosylation

Question 17

The cross-linking of this is called transpeptidation process, and the enzyme responsible for it is called____ enzyme

Answer 17

transpeptidase

Question 18

The binding of NAG and NAM is called transglycosylation, and the enzyme responsible for it is the ______enzyme

Answer 18

transglycosidase

Question 19

Aminoglycoside

Answer 19

targets the 30S ribosomal subunit

Question 20

binding to the 23S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) on the bacterial 50S
ribosomal subunit and subsequent disruption of the growing peptide chain by blocking of translocation.

Answer 20

Macrolides

Question 21

bind to the 50S ribosomal subunit and prevent elongation
by interfering with the peptidyl transfer during protein synthesis.

Answer 21

Lincosamides

Question 22

bind irreversibly to the 50S subunit of the bacterial
ribosome, which induces a conformational change in the ribosome.

Answer 22

Streptogramins

Question 23

interacting with the 23S rRNA in the 50S ribosomal
subunit, inhibiting 70S initiation complex formation and blocking
translation of any mRNA, thereby preventing protein synthesis.

Answer 23

Oxazolidinones

Question 24

• inhibits the addition of amino acids to the growing
  peptide chain by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit, inhibiting
  transpeptidation

Answer 24

Chloramphenicol

Question 25

binding reversibly to the 30S ribosomal subunit, interfering with the binding of the tRNA–amino acid complexes to the ribosome, preventing peptide chain elongation

Answer 25

Tetracycline

Question 26

The side effect of using tetracycline

Answer 26

Toxicity of upper GI tract

Question 27

The side effect of using chloramphenicol

Answer 27

Bone marrow toxicity

Question 28

Antimicrobial resistance resulting from the normal genetic, structural, or physiologic state of a microorganism.

Answer 28

Intrinsic Resistance

Question 29

Antibiotic resistance resulting from altered cellular physiology and structure caused by changes in a microorganism’s genetic makeup

Answer 29

Acquired Resistance

Question 30

changes that result in observably reduced susceptibility of an organism to a particular antimicrobial agent.

Answer 30

Biologic Resistance

Question 31

antimicrobial susceptibility has been lost to such an extent that the drug is no longer effective for clinical use

Answer 31

Clinical Resistance

Question 32

Enzymatic destruction - Beta-lactamase enzymes destroy betalactam ring, thus antibiotic cannot bind to penicillin-binding protein (PBP) and interfere with cell wall synthesis

Answer 32

Beta-Lactams

Question 33

Anatomic Distribution of Antibiotics True or False Ampicillin, Ceftriaxone, Meropenem are all positive in Blood, CSF, and Urine

Answer 33

True

Question 34

Anatomic Distribution of Antibiotics True or False Clindamycin is only positive in blood

Answer 34

True

Question 35

Anatomic Distribution of Antibiotics True or False Norfloxacin and Nitrofurantoin are only positive in Urine

Answer 35

True

Question 36

Anatomic Distribution of Antibiotics True or False Gentamicin is only negative in CSF

Answer 36

True

Question 37

Anatomic Distribution of Antibiotics True or False Vancomycin and Ciprofloxacin have the same set of results, they are variable in urine

Answer 37

False; they are variable in CSF and positive in other anatomic distribution

Question 38

the only Bactericidal that is not FDA approved

Answer 38

Teicoplanin

Question 39

Process of creating cross-links, which is specifically the covalent bond between the peptidoglycan molecules in the bacterial cell wall

Answer 39

Transpeptidation Process

Question 40

Peptidoglycan contains

Answer 40

N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid