Principles of Antibiotics Flashcards
Gram positive
Staphylococcus
Streptococcus
Enterococcus
Gram negative
E. coli Klebsiella Proteus Pseudomonas Acinetobacter Enterobacter Citrobacter Serratia Neiserria
Aerobic
Streptococcus Staphylococcus E. coli Klebsiella Enterobacter Pseudomonas
Anaerobic
Bacteroides
Clostridium
Peptostreptococcus
Fusobacterium
Atypical
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Legionella pneumophilia
Chlamydophila pneumoniae
Acid-fast bacilli
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Nocardia
Staphylococcus
Gram positive, aerobic, community or hospital pathogen, common.
Streptococcus
Gram positive, aerobic, community pathogen, common.
Enterococcus
Gram positive, community or hospital pathogen, common.
E. coli
Gram negative, aerobic, community or hospital acquired, common.
Klebsiella
Gram negative, aerobic, community or hospital acquired, common.
Pseudomonas
Gram negative, aerobic, hospital pathogen, common.
Acinetobacter
Gram negative, hospital pathogen, common.
Enterobacter
Gram negative, aerobic, hospital pathogen, common.
Citrobacter
Gram negative, hospital acquired, common.
Bacteroides
Anaerobic, community acquired, common.
Peptostreptococcus
Anaerobic, community acquired, common.
Empiric therapy
Initial antibiotic regimen, no culture data yet. Educated guess.
Definitive/target therapy
Targeted at specific pathogen, modified regimen. Goal to minimize resistance, toxicity, improve cost-effectiveness.
Prophylaxis
Administration of drugs to prevent diseases.
MIC
Minimum inhibitory concentration. The lowest concentration of an antibiotic in which the bacteria cannot grow.
Breakpoints
Achievable antibiotic serum concentrations. The value to which the MIC is compared to determine SIR reporting (sensitive, intermediate, resistant)
SIR reporting
S= sensitive. Infection likely to respond. MIC < breakpoint. I= intermediate. Response is indeterminate, may respond. MIC = breakpoint. R= resistant. Therapy likely to fail. MIC > breakpoint.
Antibiograms
Susceptibility “report card”, represents how often a drug has activity against the organism (in a %). Use for empiric therapy!
Considerations with antibiograms
- Which agents have highest likelihood of being active?
- Which agent will penetrate the site of infection? (BBB)
- Are there patient risk factors that exclude the use of certain drugs? (Allergies, renal toxicity)
