Principles And Theories Of Learning And Performance

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

A permanent change in behaviour as a result of practice

Question 2

Performance

Answer 2

A temporary occurrence that can change from time to time because of many external and internal influences

Question 3

Cognitive Stage of Learning

Answer 3

The first stage of learning used by a novice

Understanding and sub-routines are explored by trial and error

Question 4

Associative Stage of Learning

Answer 4

The second stage of learning as motor programmes are developed and performance is smoother

Question 5

Autonomous Stage of Learning

Answer 5

The final stage of learning used by an expert when movement is detailed and specific

Question 6

Feedback

Answer 6

Information to aid error correction

Question 7

Positive Feedback

Answer 7

Encouragement

Question 8

Negative Feedback

Answer 8

Error correction

Question 9

Extrinsic Feedback

Answer 9

From an outside source

Question 10

Intrinsic Feedback

Answer 10

From within

Question 11

Knowledge of Results

Answer 11

Concerns the outcome

Question 12

Knowledge of Performance

Answer 12

About technique

Question 13

Plateau

Answer 13

A period of no improvement in performance

Question 14

Drive Reduction

Answer 14

An end-of-task period when performance may get worse

Question 15

Visual Guidance

Answer 15

Guidance that can be seen, a demonstration

Question 16

Verbal Guidance

Answer 16

An explanation

Question 17

Manual Guidance

Answer 17

Physical support

Question 18

Mechanical Guidance

Answer 18

An artificial aid

Question 19

Operant Conditioning

Answer 19

The use of reinforcement to ensure that correct responses are repeated

Question 20

Behaviourist Theory

Answer 20

This attempts to explain how actions can be linked to stimuli

Question 21

Satisfier

Answer 21

An action that promotes a pleasant feeling so that responses are repeated

Question 22

Annoyer

Answer 22

An action that creates unease to promote the avoidance of incorrect responses

Question 23

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 23

A pleasant stimulus after the correct response

Question 24

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 24

Taking away an unpleasant stimulus after the correct response

Question 25

Punishment

Answer 25

An unpleasant stimulus to prevent incorrect actions recurring

Question 26

Attention

Answer 26

Making the demonstration attractive to the performer

Question 27

Retention

Answer 27

Remembering the demonstration and being able to recall it

Question 28

Motor Production

Answer 28

Having the mental and physical ability to do a task

Question 29

Motivation

Answer 29

Having the drive to do the task

Question 30

Social Development

Answer 30

Learning by association with others

Question 31

Inter-psychological Learning

Answer 31

Learning from others externally

Question 32

Intra-psychological Learning

Answer 32

Learning from within after gaining external knowledge with others

Question 33

Constructivism

Answer 33

Building up learning in stages, based on the current level of performance

Question 34

Zone of Proximal Development

Answer 34

The next stage of learning based on the performer’s needs, expectations and current level of performance

Question 35

Insight Learning

Answer 35

Using experience and understanding to solve problems relating to the whole skill